Sustainable fish stocks (SDG 14.4.1) Change in a negative direction
Proportion of fish stocks within biologically sustainable levels.
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
1950 1955 Rebuilding
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Developing
Years Exploited Overexploited
Source: Pauly and Lam 2016 Tier I; Custodian agency: Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
The number of fish stocks and the catch biomass obtained using catch data, provide useful information on the overall development state of fish stocks. Overexploited fish stocks are those with catch biomass that fall below 50 per cent of their respective maximum stock size - those that decrease below 10 per cent are considered “collapsed” stocks (Pauly and Lam 2016). Of the over 4,000 fish stocks included in the analysis, 21 per cent are overexploited (<50 per cent of their maximum stock size) while another 26 per cent are collapsed (< 10 per cent of their maximum stock size) over a 60-year period. A catch biomass plot shows a less worrisome figure, with collapsed stocks accounting for only two per cent beginning in 2000. In the case of the South China Sea Large Marine Ecosystem, which yielded the highest total economic impact from 2010 catch, the stock number plot shows collapsed stocks to reach 20 per cent; and overexploited stocks account for another 18 per cent. Again, the catch stock biomass data indicate that only two per cent of catch stock biomass is in collapsed state. To maintain the food provisioning ecosystem service of large marine ecosystems, it is critical that their biodiversity is protected and maintained in the long-term.
Sustainable Development Goal Collapsed
Marine protected areas (SDG 14.5.1) Change in a positive direction
Coverage of protected areas in relation to marine areas.
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
0 Years World
Europe and Northern America Oceania (exc. Australia and New Zealand)
Northern America
Western Asia Europe
Northern Africa and Western Asia
Australia and New Zealand Central and Southern Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa
Latin America and the Caribbean Eastern and South-Eastern Asia
Source: Lewis 2017 Tier I; Custodian agency: UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), BirdLife International (BLI) and International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
As of January 2018, over 22 million km2 (16 per cent) of waters under national
jurisdiction (0-200nm) were covered by protected areas, representing a doubling in extent since 2010 (Lewis 2017). Much of this coverage is concentrated in Oceania, Latin America, and the Caribbean. Protected area coverage for the entire marine realm is calculated to be 7.3 per cent. Protected area coverage of areas of particular biodiversity importance in the marine realm has also increased, with the mean coverage of each marine Key Biodiversity Area now reaching 44 per cent. However, the coverage is not consistent around the world. North America, Australia, and New Zealand have the highest protection of marine Key Biodiversity Areas
89
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
% of territorial water
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