Management of marine areas (SDG 14.2.1) No data available


Proportion of national exclusive economic zones managed using ecosystem-based approaches. Official MPA map


Ocean acidification (SDG 14.3.1) No data available


Average marine acidity (pH) measured at agreed suite of representative sampling stations.


Source: IUCN 2017 Tier III; Custodian agency: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)


Managing and conserving marine areas is essential for achieving the SDGs. Marine spatial planning, Inter-Coastal Zone Management, Protected Areas, Ecosystem-Based Adaption Plans and other forms of marine management all play a part in managing oceans. Information on different management types could be used to measure this target; however, additional research on how to combine information on different types of management is needed. As of the close of 2018, marine protected areas cover 7.4 per cent of the global ocean at almost 27 million km2


. About 90 per cent of this area


lie within the territorial sea or Exclusive Economic Zones of coastal nations, and only 10 per cent is located in the high seas. While the total marine protected area appears on track to meet the Aichi target in two more years, a recent analysis by Lewis (2017) indicates that only 41 per cent of 232 marine ecoregions, less than half, have met the 10 per cent target, with 10 ecoregions still without protection to date. It is important to conserve at least 10 per cent of each ecoregion to ensure ecological representation among protected areas for measuring progress in effective marine area protection. The Regular Process for Global Reporting and Assessment of the State of the Marine Environment, including Socioeconomic Aspects is an existing process which assesses marine management and the state of the marine environment (UN 2002).


88


Source: Peter Prokosch, 2016 (GRID-Arendal) Tier II; Custodian agency: Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO


Marine acidification is a process by which atmospheric CO2 dissolves into


seawater and reacts with it to produce carbonic acid, lowering the pH of the seawater. While this is a natural process that has fluctuated over geological time, the surge in emissions of CO2


brought on by the industrial revolution has greatly


accelerated the phenomenon. An acidifying environment poses serious threats to marine life, such as by threatening all organism that rely on a calcium carbonate shell (e.g. shellfish) and by degrading key habitats through coral bleaching, which leads to longer-term disruptions in marine food chains and losses to marine biodiversity (Caldeira and Wickett 2003). While dataare collected regionally by various organisations, no central database or internationally-harmonised methodology as yet exists to produce a global picture of the state of ocean acidification.


Measuring Progress Report 2019


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