target 7.1). There have been mixed gains in terms of reducing the impacts of environmental degradation, climate change, and disasters on people (SDG targets 1.5, 11.5 and 13.1). In terms of the environment-related mortality (SDG target 3.9), improvements in health care systems have resulted in reductions in mortality caused by air pollution, water-borne disease, and unintentional poisoning in much of the world; however, there are still gaps in many parts of the world.
There is either no data or no progress towards all 12 of the SDGs targets related to the state of the environment. There is very little data that can be used to assess biodiversity, ecosystem health, the concentration of pollution and waste in the environment, and other environmental threats with only five of these SDGs targets having available data. However, based on the information that is available, many of the planet’s resources and ecosystems are at risk. For the indicators with available data, there is a negative trend in terms of sustainable fish stocks (SDG target 14.4), forest area (SDG 15.1) and endangered species (SDG target 15.5), and mixed implementation for protecting water-related ecosystems (SDG target 6.6) and air pollution (SDG target 11.6). For the indicators without enough data to assess the trend at the global level, it is likely that there is a negative trend in terms of the state of the environment due to the fact that these areas are still receiving less attention in terms of policy interventions and investment in monitoring. This includes the indicators related to land degradation and land use (SDG target 15.3 and 11.3); coastal eutrophication, marine litter and ocean acidification (SDG targets 14.1 and 14.3); water quality and water stress (SDG target 6.3 and SDG target 6.4); and mountains (SDG target 15.4).
Efficient use of natural resources towards achieving sustainable consumption and production (SCP) remains a global challenge. Despite efforts to decouple economic growth from the exploitation of environmental resources, material footprint and domestic material consumption (SDG targets 8.4 and 12.2) at the global level continue to rise. Domestic material consumption and material footprint (SDG target 12.2) are key indicators in terms of SCP as these two indicators relate to the extraction of material from the environment, including biomass, fossil fuels, metals and non-metallic minerals. There has been mixed progress in terms of reducing CO2
emissions from infrastructure (SDG target
9.4), reducing fossil fuels subsidies (SDG target 12.c), and promoting renewable energy (SDG target 7.2). While energy intensity (SDG target 7.3) has declined, growing populations translate into a need for greater energy efficiency. Although there is not enough data for many of the indicators related to SCP, there are global initiatives related to sustainable public procurement (SDG target 12.7), promoting sustainable agriculture (SDG target 2.4), and promoting sustainable
Sustainable Development Goal
tourism (SDG target 8.9 and 12.b); however, there remain challenges in terms of achieving sustainability for these targets. There is not enough data to assess progress on water efficiency (SDG target 6.4), management and generation of waste and hazardous waste (SDG targets 11.6 and 12.4), food waste (SDG target 12.3), recycling (SDG target 12.5), corporate sustainability reporting (12.6), and research and promotion of sustainable lifestyles (SDG targets 4.7, 7.a, 12.8, 12.a, 13.3, 14.a, 17.6 and 17.7). Many of these aspects of development have received little attention and, without additional focus, it is unlikely that these targets will be achieved. Additionally, as some of these targets have a 2020 timeframe, it is unlikely that they will be met.
While sex disaggregation is available in a number of environment-related SDGs indicators concerning people, information on the gender-environment nexus remains largely limited. Currently, gender-disaggregated data are available for a few indicators. UN Environment has published a framework for measuring the nexus between gender and the environment which identified four key information gaps along with guidance towards better filling those gaps. These include measuring the gender dimension of the “right to land, natural resources and biodiversity; access to food, energy, water and sanitation; climate change, sustainable production and consumption, and health and well-being; and women in environmental decision making at all levels” (UNEP 2019d).
People and the economy are two key determinants for indicators that can be expressed in terms of per capita (i.e. per person), proportion of population, and per unit of gross domestic product (GDP). The two resource indicators for material footprint and domestic material consumption (SDG targets 8.4 and 12.2) provide a good example as both can be expressed as per capita and per unit of GDP. It is important to consider changes in population size and economy when interpreting progress in these indicators. The same principle applies to indicators expressed as a proportion of people, such as mortality rates from polluted air and water (SDG target 3.9).
Data and statistics for measuring the environmental dimension of development remains a substantial constraint. Currently, there is only enough information available to assess global progress for less than 40 per cent of the environment- related SDGs indicators. Some of the constraints in monitoring the environmental dimension of development include limitations in national capacity in environmental statistics, deficiency in agreed methodologies for monitoring the environmental dimension of development, and challenges in data integration. Additionally, some data which are available nationally are not reported partially due to a reporting
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