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Mountain protected areas (SDG 15.4.1) Change in a positive direction


Coverage by protected areas of important sites for mountain biodiversity.


10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80


0 Years World Sub-Saharan Africa


Oceania excluding Australia and New Zealand Australia and New Zealand


Latin America and the Caribbean


Source: UNEP 2018 Tier I; Custodian agency: UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), BirdLife International (BLI) and International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)


Source: Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO 2018) Tier I; Custodian agency: Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)


Western Asia and Northern Africa Northern America and Europe


Central Asia and Southern Asia Eastern Asia and South-eastern Asia


Mountain green cover (SDG 15.4.2) Too little data


Mountain Green Cover Index


The degree to which important sites for mountain biodiversity are covered by protected areas continues to increase, with mean protected area coverage reaching 48 per cent in January 2018, a 10 per cent increase since 2000. Protected area coverage of important sites for mountain biodiversity varies between regions, being highest in Europe and Northern America, and lowest in North Africa and West Asia. The proportion of mountain sites of particular importance for biodiversity covered by protected areas continues to increase at an average annual rate of 0.6 per cent globally. However, protected area coverage of these sites is not evenly distributed, being highest in Europe and Northern America, with 68 per cent of each important site covered by protected areas on average, and lowest in North Africa and West Asia (18.4 per cent). Oceania is the region with the fastest growth in protected area coverage of mountain Key Biodiversity Areas (one per cent change per annum on average) as well as the largest overall increase since 2000 (19 per cent). Mountains have unique biodiversity values and play an important function in regulating climate, as well as having multiple other ecosystem and cultural values that benefit people.


Sustainable Development Goal


As of 2017, 76 percent of the world’s mountain areas were covered by a form of green vegetation, including forests, shrubs, grassland, and cropland. Across regions, mountain green cover was lowest in North Africa and West Asia, with only 60 percent, and highest in Oceania, with 96 per cent. In most cases, the green coverage of mountain areas is associated with their state of health and to their capacity to fulfil their ecosystem roles (United Nations Economic and Social Council [ECOSOC] 2018). The Green Cover Index is meant to measure the changes of the green vegetation in mountain areas in order to ensure the conservation of mountain ecosystems, including their biodiversity, to enhance their capacity to provide benefits that are essential for sustainable development.


Data collected as a baseline for the Mountain Green Cover Index in 2017 offered a good starting point to provide an adequate measure of the status of conservation of mountain ecosystems through the identification of mountain vegetation changes over time.


95


2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018


Percent


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