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Material footprint (SDG 8.4.1) Change in a negative direction


Material footprint, material footprint per capita, and material footprint per GDP.


Material footprint per capita by four national income bands, with World average, 1970 – 2017, and ratio of high-Income group to World total.


10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00


0.00 5.00


Years High - Income Economies


Low - Income Economies World


Upper - Middle - Income Economies Lower - Middle Income Economies


Africa


Source: UNEP and International resource Panel (IRP) 2018 Tier III; Custodian agency: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)


The share of the material footprint attributed to high-income regions is much higher compared to their domestic material consumption. In 2017, high- income countries had the highest per capita material footprint consumption at approximately 27 tons, 60 per cent higher than the upper-middle income group and more than 13 times the level of the low-income group (at only 2 tons per capita) (Bringezu et al. 2019). The gross material footprint of the upper-middle income group did not exceed that of the high-income group until the global financial crisis, and in 2017 the high-income group still accounted for over 35 per cent of global material footprint. Per capita impacts of consumption in high- income regions are between three and six times larger than those of low-income regions. This is due partly because of trade. Some high-income regions import resources and materials and outsource production-related environmental impacts to middle- and low-income regions. At the same time, the value created through these traded materials in the countries of origin is relatively low. From 1970 to 2017, there has not been a global level of wealth at which the material demand has stabilised or declined.


62 Northern America Years Europe Asia and the Pacific


Source: UNEP 2017 Tier I; Custodian agency: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)


Total global resource extraction of resources grew from 27.1 billion tons in 1970 to 92.1 billion tons in 2017. Ten economies are responsible for over 68% of global extraction in 2017, compared to around 64% in 1970 (Bringezu et al. 2019). Domestic material consumption (DMC) patterns have rapidly changed over the past 50 years. In 1970, Asia and the Pacific accounted for 25% of the global total DMC, Europe accounted for 24% and North America for 22%. By 2017, Asia and the Pacific accounted for 60% of global DMC, while Europe and North America combined accounted for 18%. Upper-middle income economies share of global DMC is increasing (from 33% in 1970 to 56% in 2017), while the share of high-income countries is rapidly decreasing (from 52% in 1970 to 22% in 2017). This can be explained by the demand of materials to build up new infrastructure, especially in developing and emerging economies; and the outsourcing of materials and energy-intensive stages of production. In the last 50 years, the global share of DMC of low-income countries has remained unchanged at below 3%, despite having the highest population growth rate. This shows that the massive growth in materials consumption has not gone to the poorest countries, the group in most urgent need of higher material living standards.


Measuring Progress Report 2019


Domestic material consumption (SDG 8.4.2) Change in a negative direction


Domestic material consumption, domestic material consumption per capita, and domestic material consumption per GDP.


Domestic Material Consumption Per Capita By Income Group


10 000 20 000 30 000 40 000 50 000 60 000 70 000 80 000


0


1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016


2017


2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017


Material Footprint per Capita (Tonnes per Capita)


Domestic Material Consumption (Million Tonnes)


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