Air pollution mortality (3.9.1) Too little data
Mortality rate attributed to household and ambient air pollution.
Age-standardized mortality rate attributed to household and ambient air pollution in 2016
160 180 200
100 120 140
20 40 60 80
0 2016 Australia and New Zealand Europe
Northern Africa and Western Asia
Oceania (exc. Australia and New Zealand)
Northern America
Latin America and the Caribbean
Northern Africa
Central and Southern Asia
Source: UNSD 2016 Tier I; Custodian agency: World Health Organization (WHO)
Despite an increasing recognition of the importance of air pollution, both indoor and outdoor air pollution continues to have serious impacts on human health. Specifically, air pollution has serious health impacts on non-communicable disease mortality (e.g. heart disease, stroke, and cancer) and acute lower respiratory infections. Indoor and outdoor air pollution caused an estimated 7 million deaths globally in 2016. The WHO estimated outdoor air pollution to have caused 4.2 million premature deaths worldwide in 2016, while a more recent study has estimated there are 8.9 million deaths each year attributed to outdoor particulate matter alone (Burnett et al. 2018). Some 91 per cent of those premature deaths occurred in low- and middle-income countries. In 2016, mortality rate attributed to air pollution was highest in Sub-Sahara Africa and central/southern Asia with 187 and 170 deaths per 100,000 population, respectively. Although sex-disaggregated data are not available for this indicator, there is a serious gender concern, especially for household air pollution. In many rural households in the developing world, women are the ones who perform cooking, and firewood and charcoal are the common energy source. On the other hand, outdoor air pollution has disproportionate impacts on young children, of whom women are often the caretakers.
Sustainable Development Goal
Europe and Northern America
Western Asia
Eastern and South-Eastern Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa World Europe
Central and Southern Asia
Europe and Northern America
Water-related mortality (3.9.2) Too little data
Mortality rate attributed to unsafe water, unsafe sanitation and lack of hygiene (exposure to unsafe Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for All (WASH) services).
Mortality rate attributed to unsafe water, unsafe sanitation and lack of hygiene
10 20 30 40 50 60
0 2016
Northern America Sub-Saharan Africa
Latin America and the Caribbean
Northern Africa and Western Asia
Source: UNSD 2016 Tier I; Custodian agency: World Health Organization
Unsafe drinking water, unsafe sanitation, and lack of hygiene are major risk factors for infectious diseases and continue to be major contributors to global mortality, resulting in about 870,000 deaths in 2016. These deaths were mainly caused by diarrheal diseases, but also from malnutrition and intestinal nematode infections. Deaths from inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene could be prevented by improving water, santiation and hygiene (WASH) services and practices. The mortality rate due to unsafe water, unsafe sanitation, and lack of hygiene relates to both the WASH service provision in the country, as well as the related health outcomes, and therefore provides important information on the actual disease caused by the risks measured in the SDGs targets on access to water (SDG target 6.1.1), access to sanitation (SDG target 6.2.1), and ambient water quality (SDG target 6.3.2) (UN 2018c). Globally, unsafe water, unsafe sanitation, and lack of hygiene causes 11.7 deaths per 100,000 population. Sub- Saharan Africa and Southern Asia are disproportionately affected. Death rates owing to the lack of WASH services in those two regions were 48.2 and 17.2 per 100,000 people, respectively, compared to 0.2 per 100,000 people in Europe and North America.
45 Western Asia Australia and New Zealand
Oceania (exc. Australia and New Zealand)
Eastern and South-Eastern Asia
Deaths per 100,000 population
Deaths per 100,000 population
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