Arithmetic
2
Technique for writing numbers to a certain number of significant figures Write the following to three signifi cant fi gures:
1472 = 1∙472 × 103 [Three signifi cant fi gures means three digits in a.] ∴ 1472 = 1∙47 × 103 = 1470 to three signifi cant fi gures
56 321 = 5∙6321 × 104 [Three signifi cant fi gures means three digits in a.] ∴ 56 321 = 5⋅63 × 104 = 56 300
0⋅03256 = 3∙256 × 10–2 ∴ 0⋅03256 = 3⋅26 × 10–2 = 0⋅0326
Estimation
A quick estimate of a quantity can be made by rounding up or rounding down the numbers that make up the quantity. This allows you to do the calculation in your head.
EXAMPLE 12 as a whole number 2·95 × 10−3 × 2·1 × 109 .
Solution Estimate = 4 × 104 × 6 × 104
_______________ 3 × 10−3 × 2 × 109 = 24 × 108
= 4 × 102 = 400
EXAMPLE 14
A student buys 5 pens at 58c each, a newspaper at €2⋅00, a writing pad for €2⋅89 and a can of coke for 90c. Make a quick estimate to see if he has enough money in a €10 note to buy all the items.
Solution Estimate = €(5 × 0⋅6 + 2 + 3 + 1) = €9
_______ 6 × 106
Estimate the value of 3·8 × 104 × 6·2 × 104 ____________________
3 EXAMPLE
3 πr 3 and π = 3·14. Give your answer as a whole number.
V = 4 _
Solution V ≈ 4
_ 3 (π)(r)3 ≈ 4
_ 3 (3)(20)3 = 4 × 8000 = 32 000 cm3
13
Estimate the volume of a sphere of radius 21⋅5 cm in cm3, if the volume is given by
EXERCISE 9
1. Evaluate the following using your calculator: (a) π 2 correct to two decimal places (b) (tan 18°)2, correct to one decimal place (c) 1
_ 3 + √
(d) 3 (e) √
√
___ 2∙5 , correct to one decimal place
____ 38∙3 + 20·5, correct to three decimal places
___________ 8∙623
___ 7∙3 × 62∙56
, correct to four decimal places
2. (a) If A = π r 2, fi nd A correct to one decimal place, given r = 3·7 cm.
(b) If u =
____ v − f , fi nd u correct to two decimal
vf places, given f = 23·4 and v = 43·8.
(c) If f = 1 __
2l √
__ T
__ μ , fi nd f correct to two decimal
places, given l = 0·503, T = 9·8 and μ = 0·00032.
41
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