Landscapes


agriculture 451–453 healthcare 453 overpopulation 441 population pyramids 428–431 population structure 428


population change 417 see also under human development population density 307, 419


population distribution 417–418 historical factors 419 physical factors 418 socio-economic factors 418


population cycle, demographic transition model 426–427


population growth patterns, global 424–425


future trends 425 total fertility rates (TFR) 425


potash 366


pressure release (rocks) 74 prevailing winds 248–249 primeurs 320 pro-natalist policies 426 Project Ireland 2040 311 Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) 377 pyramidal peak 151 pyroclastic flow 16


Q quarrying case study building materials extraction 66–67 quartzite 64 R


radial drainage 103 radicalisation 477 radon gas 34 rapids 110


Reception and Integration Agency (RIA) 472


recession 462 regions, core/peripheral 261 regolith 88


rejuvenation (rivers) 165 relief rain 248


religious discrimination 256 revetments 120, 122 ribbon lakes 152 Richter, Charles (Richter scale) 32 riffles 111 ripples 136 river


deposition 105 drainage patterns 101–104 erosion 104 processes 104–105 rejuvenation 108 river capture 167 stages


mature, middle valley 111–113 old age, lower valley 114–115 youthful, upper valley 106–110


stream


disappearing stream 80 river of resurgance 80


transportation 105 rock armour 138 rock cycle 57


human interaction with 65 rockfall 93


RoRo (roll-on roll-off) 509 Rosslare case study Harbour development 140–142 rotational slip 150


560


Rural Environmental Protection Scheme (REPS) 270, 295


rural planning 491–492 county development plans 491


S Sahel case study


overpopulation 441–445 causes and impacts of climate 442 conflict 444 deforestation 443–444 overgrazing and over- cultivation 444


soil erosion and desertification 444


solutions 445


salt crystallisation 74 salt marsh 134 saltation 105 sand bar 135 sand spit 134 sandstone 61–62 satellite imagery 218–223 and GIS 223 meteorology 220 saturation, zone of 81, 82 Saudia Arabia, Kingdom of 257–258 scarp 93 scatter graph 232


Schengen Area/Convention 405, 471 Scoilnet 242 scree 72, 152 sea arch 129 sea cave 129 sea stack/stump 130 sea-floor spreading 3, 7 sedimentary rocks 57, 60–62 seismic waves 32


seismographs/seismic activity 21, 31, 33


seismology 29, 31, 33 settlements


development of 481–484 economic factors 482 geographical factors 481–484 historical factors 482 situation 482


history of in Ireland 484–487 prehistoric settlement Bronze Age 485 Iron Age 485–486 Neolithic Period 484–485 new towns 487 Norman Period 486–487


rural settlement patterns 489–490 shaft mining 65 shale 62, 75 shearing 45 SIMA 1 sketch map 181 Sligo OS Map 182


slump rotational slide (slumping) 93 smart city 372 social engineering 425 social stratification in cities 508 socio-economic regions 261 soil creep 89 solifluction 90 solution 82, 127 solution/corrosion 104, 105 South Sudan case study


overpopulation 446–448 causes 447–448 climate 446–447 future 448


sovereignty 396


spillways 121 stalactites 81 stalagmites 81 storm beach 137 stoss slope 157 strainmeters 33 strata 61


strategic development zone 511 stratified drift 155 stratovolcano 17 sub-zones 170 subduction 5. 6, 15, 30, 34, 57 subglacial 155 subsistance farming 341 swallow holes 80 swash 125 syncline 46, 317 synoptic chart 215


T talus slope 93


tectonic activity impact 9–10 tectonic forces 45, 46–47, 53, 88 tectonic plates 2, 4 tephra 16 terra rossa 339 terracettes 89 thermal convection 4 tiltmeters 20, 34 tombolo 135 tor 77


total fertility rate (TFR) 330, 422 Tourism Ireland 305 traction (riverbed) 105 traffic flow and congestion causes 519 impacts


environmental 520 soco-economic 519 solutions 520


transport (by sea) 133 transport node 323


Transport, Tourism and Sport, Department of 305 trellis drainage 102 trend (line) graph 231 triangle graph 233 tsunami 30 turloughs 80, 292 types of 150


U


U-shaped valley 152 Údarás na Gaeltachta 254, 300, 311 Ullman, Edward L. 506 Ulster Plantation 255 undertow 136 uniclinal structures 53 unstratified drift 155 urban areas/regions 261, 526–528


environmental quality 526–528 air quality 526 water quality 528


heritage in 524–525 urban functions 492–494


urban growth and expansion of cities 401


urban hierarchy 496 urban land use


theories 503–507 E.W. Burgess’s concentric zone theory 1920 503


Hoyt’s sector theory 1939 505 zones 500–503


urban planning and renewal 282, 529–531


urban decay 529 urban sprawl 523–524 in Dublin 523–524


urbanism, future of 534–535 environment 535 transport 534–535


V


V-shaped valley 107 valley, dry 80 vent eruptions 16 volcanic islands 7–8, 15 volcanic rocks 58 volcanoes 8, 14–17, 20–22


W


warm front 214 waterfalls 108–109 wave refraction 126, 133 wave-cut platform 132 waves 125–126


constructive (spilling) 126, 133, 136


destructive (plunging) 126, 131, 132, 133


weather charts 214 weathering 48, 49, 57, 59, 61, 63, 71 biological 76 chemical 75–76 mechanical 71, 72 weathering landscapes 77 Wegener, Alfred 2, 3 weight-losing manufacturing 370 Western Region (Ireland’s) 290 human processes


population dynamics density 309 distribution 310 language 311 migration 310–311 urbanisation 312


physical processes climate 291


relief and drainage 291–292


primary economic activities agriculture 293–295 fishing


aquaculture 297–298 physical factors 297 socio-economic factors 297


forestry 298


mining and energy renewable energy 298


secondary economic activities physical factors 299 political factors Gov./EU support 300 socio-economic factors 299–300


tertiary economic activities tourism 303 attractions 303–304 development challenges 306 Government support 305


transport


future developments 308 physical factors 307 politics 308


socio-economic factors 307


Wicklow development plan, rural housing 492


Wild Atlantic Way 254, 305 wind radar charts 216 wind rose diagram 216 wing dykes 112


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