Cross-bracing: reinforce walls using two steel beams
Open space around building to allow safe evacuation
Automatic window shutters to prevent falling glass
Cross-braced steel frame
Fire-resistant building materials
Moat
Fig. 3.6 Engineering methods used to limit the effects of earthquakes.
Base isolator Ground
Shock absorbers (base isolators): absorb tremors of earthquakes
Building on rollers without any friction: building will not move with ground
EXAM TIP
Exam candidates should be able to describe the causes and effects of earthquake activity in both a developed country and a developing country.
EXAM LINK (HL) Seismic Activity (30 marks)
Explain how the occurrence of seismic activity can be predicted and its effects reduced.
2017, Q3C CHECK YOUR LEARNING
1. In studying dating patterns, what do seismologists look for? 2. Explain two ways in which changes to the earth’s crust can indicate the onset of an earthquake.
3. How has animal behaviour been used to predict earthquake activity? 4. What organisation leads the way in earthquake monitoring? 5. Where do the most destructive earthquakes occur? 6. What is liquefaction? 7. Describe one way utilities could be protected from damage caused by earthquakes. 8. List three regulations that could be imposed on the construction of new buildings that would limit the damage caused by earthquakes.
36 Marking Scheme:
Reference to prediction of seismic activity = 2 marks Reference to reducing impacts of seismic activity = 2 marks Explanation = 13 SRPs
