Landscapes


Increased foreign investment in India has led to a growth in manufacturing in many urban areas, attracting skilled and unskilled migrants (e.g. Bangalore).


Deposits of mineral resources in Orissa have contributed to the development of a manufacturing industry that, in turn, has attracted settlement.


Jute cultivation in West Bengal led to the development of the textile industry. This attracted migrant workers and contributes to the very high population density of this region.


Religion The main religious breakdown in India is as follows:


Religion


Hinduism Islam


Christianity Sikhism


Buddhism Other and no religion


Percentage of population


79.8 14.2 2.3 1.7 0.7 1.3


 Table 22.2 Religions in India (Indian Census 2011). A-Z


Caste system: A class structure that is determined by birth.


Through the rigid caste system, Hinduism has had a major impact on human development in India. It led to exploitation, created social injustices and gave preferential treatment based on birth rather than merit. The four main castes are: zz


zz z z z z


In 1947, after the Indian subcontinent gained independence from Britain, it was divided into two independent states – India, which had a Hindu majority, and Pakistan, with a Muslim majority. This is known as the Partition of India. East Pakistan later became independent, and was renamed Bangladesh (1971).


Brahmins: occupy key positions as priests and in government and business Kshatriyas: land-owners


Vaishyas: traders, merchants and farmers Shudras: peasants and servants


The fifth group, the Dalits, live on the fringe of Indian society working in the cremation grounds and cemeteries and as street and sewer cleaners. They are also known as the untouchables.


Today, Indian law forbids caste-based discrimination. Positive strategies for addressing the inequality include: zz


zz


a reservation policy when accessing educational courses; reserved parliament seats.


Today the caste system is still in evidence, especially in rural areas, where inter- caste marriages very rarely take place. Lower castes are also employed by higher castes to do menial and degrading jobs.


Religious tensions


After India gained independence from Great Britain in 1947, the number of Muslims living in India was greatly reduced. The slaughter of cattle for the production of beef, which is opposed by Hindu teaching, is permitted in Islamic teaching. Efforts by Hindus to enforce a total ban on the slaughter of cattle have met with opposition from local and international meat processing industries.


Sikhs, who make up over 65% of the population in Punjab, are seeking the formation of an independent state.


380


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