Landscapes


EU treaties 404 the euro 405 factors influencing 408 Brexit 410


collapse of communism 408 Eurozone crisis 409 future enlargement 409 impacts of 409 membership, joining/leaving 407


refugee crisis 408 social policies 405 terrorism 409 workers’ rights 405


social security and healthcare 405


European Union immigration policies 470–471


europhile 394 eurosceptic 394 evaporation 81 exfoliation 73 extensive farming 342


F


Fáilte Ireland 277, 305 fascist state 402


Fatima Mansions, urban regenerisation 530


fault


graben fault 50 normal 50 reverse 51 tear (slip) fault 52 thrust 51


faulting 4, 5, 9, 19 fault line/plane/scarp 8, 29, 50 faulted structures 50


feldspar 76 fertility rate 424, 425


population structure, impacts on in developed countries 431–432 Government role 431 socio-economic factors 431


in developing countries 432 socio-economic factors 432


fetch (waves) 125 firn 148 fiscal 395 fissures 7, 8, 15 fissure eruptions 18 flocculation 117 floodplains 114–115 fluting 79 fluvial 101 fluvioglaciation 158 focus (earthquake) 29 folding 4, 5, 19 fold mountains 6, 7, 9, 10, 46, 47 fold types 46–47 movements 47–49 structures/elements 46 food insecurity 443 Foras na Gaeilge 400 forced migration 460


Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) 273, 300


foreshore 136 forts 485–486 fossils 61 France case study local government 252–253 pro-natalist policies 426 freeze-thaw action 72, 77, 149 frontal rain 249


FRONTEX – The European Border and Coastguard Agency 473


558 fulacht fiadh 485 G gabions 139 Gaeltacht Commission 399


Gaeltacht language region case study 253–254, 399–401 changing boundaries of 400–401 language use 400 population and migration 399–400 Gaeltacht Service Towns 400 Galway case study


manufacturing centre 301 challenges facing 302


gases 16, 20, 34


genetically modified organisms (GMOs) 452


gentrification 509 geo 131


geographic information systems (GIS) 223


geomorphological regions 250 geothermal energy 23–24 Germany case study migrant crisis 474–475


Germany, reunification case study 401 cultural impacts 402–403 socio-economic impacts 402


geysers 18


gilets jaunes movement 330 glaciation 148 erosion 149


glacial ice formation 148 glacial spillway 158 glacial valleys 152 glacier mass balance 148, 149 ice movement 149 Midlandian glaciation 148 Munsterian glaciation 148 Pleistocene glaciation 147


gley soils 269 gneiss 63 Good Friday/Belfast Agreement 256 gorge 109


Government of Ireland Act 1920 255 granite 59 Greater Dublin Area (GDA) 265


human processes migration 283


population density and distribution 281


social segregation 283 urban sprawl 283


physical processes 266–267


primary economic activities agriculture 268 fishing 271 forestry 271 renewable energy 271


secondary economic activities manufacturing, challenges facing 275


physical factors artisan foods 272 fish processing 272 forestry 273


political factors


Government support 274 socio-economic factors 273–274


tertiary economic activities tourism 276–278 transport 278–280


Greater Dublin Area (GDA) Transport Strategy 2016–2035 280, 522


Green, Low-Carbon, Agri-Environment Scheme 270


greenfield site 286 grikes 79


gullying (from rainwater) 442 H


Haiti earthquake case study 37–38 haloclasty see salt crystallisation


Harris and Ullman’s multiple nuclei theory 1945 506


Harris, Chauncy 506 headlands 128–130 hectare 294 hectopascals 215 Heritage Act 1995 524 Heritage Council 524


heritage, Record of Protected Structures (RPS) 524


Hess, Harry 3–4


Highly Skilled Eligible Occupations List 471


HIV/AIDS 454 horizontal structures 53 horst see block mountain hotspots 15 Hoyt, Homer 505 human development


population change on rates of 454–455


population growth on 456–457 developed countries 457 developing countries 456


Human Development Index 455 humanitarian assistance 448 hydration 75


hydraulic action 82, 104, 108, 111, 126, 131 hydrolysis 76, 77 hydrothermal vents 18


I Ice Age 3


Iceland case study geothermal energy 23–24 igneous rocks 57, 58–59, 65 India 360–361


human processes language 381 population density 378 distribution 379 socio-economic factors 379–380


religion 380 urbanisation 381


physical processes climate 361–362 relief and drainage 362–363 soils 364


primary economic activities agriculture 365–368 Green Revolution 367–368, 451 physical factors 365–366 socio-economic factors 366–367


fishing 368 aquaculture 368


forestry 368 mining and energy 369


secondary economic activities manufacturing 370–372 challenges facing 373 physical factors 370–372


tertiary economic activities tourism 373–375 physical factors 373–374 socio-economic factors 374


transport


challenges; railways modernisation 377


historical factors 375 physical factors 375–376 political factors 377 socio-economic factors 376–377


India case study


Kolkata expansion 532–533 overcrowding 532–533 pollution 533 traffic congestion 533


rural-to-urban migration 469–470


Indian Tourism Development Corporation 375


industrial corridor 372 industrial decline regions 258–260


Industrial Development Authority (IDA) 274, 300


Industrial Revolution 258 informal economy 376 insolation 344 interlocking spurs 108 internally displaced person 460 International Monetary Fund (IMF) 396


International Protection Office (IPO) 472


intervisibility 183 Ireland


asylum seekers and refugees in 472


changing migration patterns in 462–463 glaciations 148


Republic and Northern Ireland 388 Anglo-Irish Treaty 1921 388 Belfast Agreement 389 Brexit 390


cultural interaction music, religion, sport 390


economic interaction 389 Good Friday Agreement 388, 389 INTERREG programmes 389 InterTradeIreland 389 political interaction 389 Tourism Ireland 389 Troubles (1968–1998) 389


settlements 484–487 social stratification in cities 508 Ireland case study


European Union enlargement political impacts 410 socio-economic impacts 410


population distribution and density 419–422


as a receiver/host region 464–466 socio-economic impacts 464–466


rural-to-urban migration 467–468 impacts on donor regions 467 impacts receiver/host areas 467


Irish Immigration policies 471 Irish Language Networks 400


Irish settlements on OS maps 184–185, 187 Irish Water 528


Irish Water Services Strategic Plan 2015–2040 528 Islamic World


Sunni and Shia sects 257 Islamic World case study


region associated with religion 257–258


Islamophobia 477 isobars 215 isohyet 215 isostasy 164 isotach 215 isotherm 215


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