88 FORMULATING


Figure 2A: 8% carbon black in the hydrophilic emulsifier dispersed in water versus 8% carbon black in water


8% TiO2 in Silsurf I108


Figure 2B: Carbon black in water versus carbon black treated with the hydrophilic emulsifier in water 8% ZnO in Silsurf I108


1000X magnification and 2500X magnification respectively.


1000X


Carbon black Figure 1 shows that carbon black alone shows clumps, while dispersion in the hydrophilic emulsifier and the aqueous are much more evenly dispersed. Untreated carbon black is not water dispersible, and precipitates on the bottom of the container after mixed with water, but the carbon black treated with the hydrophilic emulsifier is easy to be dispersed in water. Figures 2A and 2B show that hydrophobic carbon black could become hydrophilic when it was treated with the hydrophilic emulsifier.


8% TiO2 2500X in the hydrophilic emulsifier and 8% ZnO


in the hydrophilic emulsifier Microscopic images of 8% TiO2


and 8% ZnO in the


hydrophilic emulsifier are shown in Figure 3. The scale bars for 1000X and 2500X are 19.43 and 7.77 µm respectively. Both the average particle size of TiO2


Figure 3: Microscopic images of 8% TiO2 (left) and 8% ZnO (right) in the hydrophilic emulsifier 8% Red 7 in Silsurf I108 8% Red 28 in Silsurf I108


and ZnO in the hydrophilic emulsifier are less than 1 µm, and the size distributions for both are very narrow which means that the dispersions of TiO2


and ZnO are both very tiny and uniform. 1000X


8% Red 7 in the hydrophilic emulsifier and 8% Red 28 in the hydrophilic emulsifier Figure 4 4 shows the microscopic images of 8% FD&C Red 7 and 8% Red 28 dispersed in the hydrophilic emulsifier. The scale bars for 1000X and 2500X are 19.43 and 7.77 µm respectively. The average particle size of Red 7 in the hydrophilic emulsifier is around 2 μm, and the average particle size of Red 28 in the hydrophilic emulsifier is around 1 µm and both have very narrow particle size distribution which means that the dispersions of Red 7 and Red 28 are both very uniform. All the pigment dispersions in the hydrophilic emulsifier are water soluble/dispersible, therefore they are suitable for water base formulations, such as oil or/and silicone-in-water emulsion, water solution or gels.


2500X Figure 4: Microscopic images of 8% Red 7 (left) and 8% Red 28 (right) in the hydrophilic emulsifier PERSONAL CARE MAGAZINE March 2026


Formulation of hybrid foundation The hydrophilic emulsifier was tested for making different synthetic oils or natural oils or silicone fluids or different combinations of oils/fluids in water emulsions which showed that its a very strong broad O/W emulsifier. Tables 1 and 2 demonstrate the suitability of the hydrophilic


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