46 LONGEVITY
Figure 2: DSM-Firmenich 360° Skin Ecosystem
ageing with direct effects on skin function and appearance, acting alongside other interconnected hallmarks that together drive the ageing process. Cellular senescence occurs when damaged cells enter a permanent state where they cannot divide or enter programmed cell death and die (apoptosis). Instead, they remain metabolically active,
releasing toxic substances that damage tissue and trigger more cells to become senescent. They are central to the ageing process, and their presence is a strong biological indicator of tissue decline. Senescent cells arise from both intrinsic
and extrinsic factors and appear early in life and naturally accumulate over time. Intrinsic processes such as telomere shortening, oxidative stress, and DNA damage can transform normal cells into senescent cells. Meanwhile, extrinsic factors including UV/
infrared radiation, pollution, and mechanical stress can accelerate cellular senescence through three pathways: they can worsen damage from intrinsic factors, directly trigger senescence in healthy cells, or intensify existing cellular damage. As a result, senescent cells accumulate and drive many age-related changes throughout the body.6 The main toxic substances secreted by
senescence cells are known together as SASP (senescence-associated secretory phenotype), which is a potent cocktail of pro-inflammatory cytokines (including interleukins), chemokines, growth factors, and matrix-degrading enzymes (MMPs) that breakdown tissue and is highly damaging to neighbouring cells. SASP disrupt tissue homeostasis, degrades the extracellular matrix, fuels inflammageing and impairs skin regeneration. They trigger a cascade of damaging effects. Inflammation caused by released inflammatory
PERSONAL CARE November 2025 Dysbiosis Chronic inflammation
Altered intercellular communication
Dysregulated nutrient sensing Telomere attrition
Epigenetic alterations
Cellular senescence
Genomic instability
Mitochondrial dysfunction
Figure 3: Interconnected hallmarks of ageing
mediators disrupt intercellular communication, stem cells become exhausted creating local areas less able to regenerate. Furthermore, once a chronic inflammatory
state is reached it can contribute to dysbiosis, by affecting the composition and balance of the microbiome. Senescent cells, through the release of SASP, accelerate the appearance of visible signs of ageing, including wrinkles, loss of firmness, and enlarged pores. This makes the removal of senescent cells
important for maintaining healthy-looking skin. Potentially, their removal could even result in the reversal of some visible signs of ageing,
making senescent cell clearance an important strategy for longevity.
Senolytic technology: the future of skin renewal and longevity Senescent science represents a breakthrough in longevity. Not only do the senescent cells contribute to numerous ageing processes, but because researchers now have the tools to reliably detect and measure them, this research field has already challenged previous assumptions about cellular ageing. Where cellular senescence was once considered irreversible, pharma-inspired
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Stem cell exhaustion
1. Tenchov, R., et al. (2024). "Polyglutamine (PolyQ) Diseases: Navigating the Landscape of Neurodegeneration" ACS Chem Neurosci 15(15): 2665-2694
Impaired autophagy Loss of proteostasis
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