34 MARINE INGREDIENTS
chronic low-level inflammation, termed sterile-inflammation (inflammageing). Sterile- inflammation is a form of pathogen-free inflammation caused by increasing biological age, mechanical trauma, ischemia, stress or environmental conditions such as ultra-violet radiation and pollution. Each of which have direct impacts on skin ageing. DAMPs and cellular senescence are deeply
interrelated phenomena that play crucial roles in ageing, immune responses, and pathological conditions such as chronic inflammation. DAMPs act as triggers of senescence as persistent tissue damage releases DAMPs, which can induce cellular senescence through pathways like NF-κB activation, DNA damage, and oxidative stress. This may be further exasperated by
senescence-Induced DAMPs amplifying inflammatory signals and recruiting immune cells. Senescent cells can release mitochondrial DAMPs (mtDNA, ATP) that exacerbate inflammation. This feedback cycle leads to chronic Inflammation, fostering a pro- inflammatory microenvironment, accelerating tissue ageing and dysfunction. This process has therapeutic implications which will be discussed as a management strategy for skin ageing using a unique complex of deep sea marine minerals.
Skin ageing and health The skin offers a unique lens for studying ageing due to its multifactorial nature and visibility. Skin ageing involves intrinsic factors like genetics and hormonal changes and extrinsic factors such as UV radiation, pollution, and lifestyle. This complex interplay makes the skin a useful model for studying biological age. As a result, it provides us with a functional
biomarker of the ageing process in real-time. Advances in identifying molecular, cellular, physiological and biophysical markers of ageing in the skin may lead to innovative diagnostic and therapeutic applications, helping to mitigate ageing’s effects and enhance our understanding of biological processes involved. Furthermore, understanding the mechanisms that underpin dermal ageing, may shine light on other physiological systems, opening the door for novel therapeutic, and senolytic discovery and development.
The role of epigenetic mechanics Skin ageing is closely tied to epigenetic processes. Epigenetic mechanisms like DNA methylation, histone modification, and non- coding RNA expression play a pivotal role in the (patho-) physiology of skin health and ageing. The dynamic nature of these mechanisms
allows the skin to adapt to environmental stressors while also serving as markers of intrinsic and extrinsic ageing. Epigenetic changes regulate how genes are turned on or off, determining cellular function and phenotype, without modifying the underlying genetic code, but instead relying on chemical modifications of DNA and DNA associated proteins known as histones. These epigenetic marks determine DNA architecture within the nucleus, a process
PERSONAL CARE May 2025
known as chromatin remodelling, which in turn facilitates gene expression or repression by dynamically opening or closing regions of our genomic DNA for transcription. Epigenetic mechanisms are dynamic and
reversible, influenced by both intrinsic factors, such as development, genetics and ageing, and extrinsic factors, known as the exposome, like environmental stimuli (e.g. pollution), diet, physical activity and lifestyle. This fluid nature of the epigenome and its association with the ageing process is known as epigenetic drift, defined by stochastic patterns of gene expression not dependent on dynamic changes in coding DNA. In recent studies, we identified and
recorded significant improvements (+76 fold) in IGF-1, also known as the longevity gene, as it determines the difference between the biological and chronological ageing in skin. This phenomenon has led to epigenomics being utilised as a foundation and a reference index for the development of ‘biological clocks’. In seminal research by Horvath and colleagues, DNA methylation (DNAm)-based biomarkers of ageing have been developed for many tissues and organs. Utilising cells from various tissue, in
particular skin and blood, the team developed a novel and highly robust DNAm age estimator (based on 391 specific DNA methylation markers on genomic DNA CpG motifs). This has become known as the ‘skin & blood clock’. Furthermore, this highly sensitive age
estimator or biological clock accurately tracked the dynamic ageing of cells cultured ex vivo. This novel skin & blood biological clock predicts lifespan and directly relates to many age- related conditions. This exciting discovery is expected to become an invaluable tool as a quantitative ex vivo human cell ageing assay, providing a platform to investigate and develop novel compounds for dermal health.
Novel technologies and accelerated discoveries in skin health and ageing Advances in single-cell RNA sequencing
(scRNA-seq) and spatial transcriptomics have revolutionised our understanding of skin health across the lifespan. Comprehensive skin atlases, such as the Human Skin Cell Atlas, provide opportunities to uncover novel cell types, cell lineages and clonality, and their spatial localization as well as interactions. These compendiums facilitate in depth investigation of skin ageing, across a wide range of chronological ages, skin sites, and exposomes such as sun- exposed and sun-protected areas, at single-cell resolution to identify senescent cells. Moreover, new developments in our
understanding of extracellular matrix (ECM) biology and dynamics have added new insights into skin ageing, integrity and function. Novel and powerful technological tools based on high-throughput proteomics and bioinformatics have allowed scientists to better understand the mechanical and chemical cues that orchestrate cellular and tissue organization and functions, including that of the skin. Alterations of the kinetics and dynamics
of ECM turnover, which ultimately leads to differences in the permutations and combinations of ECM composition, known as the ‘matrisome’ are major players in the aetiology of numerous pathophysiological processes. This knowledge can lead to the identification of novel prognostic and diagnostic markers and therapeutic opportunities, especially in skin health and ageing. In addition to the above, the skin
microbiome has recently become a hot topic in dermal health and ageing. The skin microbiome is a dynamic ecosystem of microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, viruses, and archaea) living on the skin surface. It plays a critical role in skin health, immunity, and ageing. As the skin ages, the composition and function of the microbiome undergo significant changes, influencing skin integrity and susceptibility to disease. It has been demonstrated that dominant bacteria like Cutibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Corynebacterium spp. maintain skin homeostasis.
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