1112 Jun Young Cheong et al.


with the agglomeration of Sn NPs (Fig. 10a). To understand the effect of e-beam irradiation on the Sn NPs formed on the SnO2 NT by electrochemical reaction, further investigations were performed with e-beam irradiation at a similar dosage


(Fig. 10b), where the Sn NPs do not simply agglomerate by e-beamirradiation.Additionally, itwas confirmed again that the Sn NPswere formed inside the GLC, as can be seen in Figure 11. In order to understand the agglomeration process of the


NPs from a thermodynamic perspective, the surface energy of Sn NPs (γs) and the interfacial energy between Sn NPs and the SnO2 NT (γi) must be considered. The agglomeration happens due to the minimization of the surface areas of the


55


60


65


70


75 Energy Loss (eV)


Figure 9. Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) spectrum of Li during in situ transmission electron microscopy observation, confirming the two split peaks at 62 and 66 eV, confirming the presence of Li2O.


Figure 11. Additional (a) high resolution-TEM image and (b)fast Fourier transform (FFT) patterns showing the formation of Sn from SnO2.


80


85


Figure 10. a: Additional time-series transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images showing the agglomeration of Sn nanoparticles (NPs) on SnO2 nanotubes (NTs), initially with the conversion reaction and (b) time-series snapshots of Sn NPs on SnO2 NT by e-beam irradiation with the same dosage as that in situ TEM observation.


Counts (a.u.)


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