Nucleation and Growth of Mg-Calcite Spherulites 1195
subunits. During the formation and maturation of Mg- calcite spherulites, more and more HJ-1 bacteria adhere on the surface of spherulites, forming colonies that become calcified (inset in Fig. 9). Conversely, bacterial death during the latter stages and the formation of the organic film retards the crystallization of ACC, and inhibits the further growth of Mg-calcite spherulites.
CONCLUSION
We observed numerous Mg-calcite spherulites in our bac- terial mineralization experiments that consisted of radial Mg-calcite crystals and stable ACC aggregates mixed with organic matter. We suggest a spherulitic growth mode as follows: crystallization begins when bacterial cells or EPS sequesters and concentrates Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions. Subse- quently, increasing numbers of ACC particles are deposited and aggregate into a stable sphere-like core in combination with organic matter. The stable core then acts as the nucleus
of spherulitic growth. Finally, the film constituted by calci- fied bacteria, EPS, and ACC grows on the surface of spher- ulites. Although the crystallization of spherulitic biominerals is clearly complex, and depends on the surrounding envir- onment, our findings provide new insight into morphologi- cal formation, and are relevant to many fields including geology, biology, and materials science.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant No: 41673083, 41172308, and 40573057), the Open Project of the State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (grant No: SKLLQG1309).
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