1208 Dana Fialová et al.


Table 1. Information About Samples and Proposed Hypotheses. Archeological Location


Dating of Locality


Znojmo-Hradiště No. 464, Czech Republic 9th–10th century AD Devín-Za kostolom No. 53, Slovak Republic 9th–10th century AD Majetín No. 801, Czech Republic


study made by Charlier (Charlier et al., 2010) confirmed different individual elemental compositions of dental calcu- lus in five samples from the Etruscan-Celtic necropolis. Therefore, EDX was used to verify hypotheses about


life and burial habits of chosen individuals in the study presented here.


MATERIALS ANDMETHODS


Anthropological Examination and Sampling Three archeological samples of human dental calculus were taken (Table 1). The first sample came from individual No. 464 from the 9th century AD from the early Mediaeval Period—the Great Moravian Empire from the Znojmo- Hradiště burial site in the Czech Republic (Figs. 1a, 2a).


19th century AD Napoleonic war (probably)


Sex Age Grave Goods Male 53–58


Yes


Hypothesis About Habits


Using of grinding stones Male 30–39 Unknown Bronze jewelery in grave


Male 30–50 No Utilization of the teeth by opening paper cartridges


The sample was taken from the buccal side of the lower left second incisor. The size of the sample was 3.5× 4.5mm and it had dark brown color outside and light brown color inside. When the SEM was used, there were seen crystals, bacteria (Fig. 1a), and vegetable/plant fibers (Fialová et al., 2017). Sex and age were estimated by anthropological methods (Sjøvold, 1975; Lovejoy et al., 1985; Bruzek, 2002). The individual was a 53–58-year-old man with a high degree of dental abrasion [5–6 on a scale to 8 (Smith, 1984)] (Fig. 2a), which was probably caused by particles from grinding stones in flour. The second sample from green-colored teeth (Fig. 2b)


came from individual No. 53 from the 9th century AD from the early Mediaeval Period—the Great Moravian Empire from the Devín-Za kostolom burial site in the Slovak Republic. The sample was taken from the buccal side of the


Figure 1. Electron micrographs of ancient human dental calculus where bacteria are visible (some of them marked with arrows), on or between various forms of crystals. Samples come from (a) Znojmo-Hradiště, bar=10 μm; (b) Devín-Za kostolom (crystals only), bar=5 μm; (c) Devín-Za kostolom, bar=3 μm; and (d) Majetín, bar=10 μm.


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