VIII EMISSIONS GAP REPORT 2018 – CONTENTS


Chapter 5. Bridging the gap: The role of non-state and subnational actors .. .. .. ... .. ... .. .. ... .. ... .. .. ... . 29 5.1


5.2


Introduction ................................................................................ 29 Non-state and subnational actors and climate change negotiations: from Paris to Katowice ............ 29


5.3 Overview of cooperative initiatives and individual commitments by non-state and subnational actor ..... 30 5.4


The potential contribution of non-state and subnational actors to enhancing ambition and bridging the 2030 emissions gap ...................................................................... 36


5.5 Opportunities for harnessing the potential of NSA climate action to enhance ambition and bridge the emissions gap........................................................................... 42


Chapter 6. Bridging the gap: Fiscal reforms for the low-carbon transition .. .. ... .. ... .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. ... . 43 6.1


6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5


Introduction ................................................................................ 43 The current state of fiscal policies and their potential for the low-carbon transition .................... 43 The political economy of green fiscal reform and carbon taxes: lessons learned ...................... 46 Addressing the broader fiscal policy framework: policy packages, coordination and alignment .......... 51 Conclusion................................................................................. 51


Chapter 7. Bridging the gap: The role of innovation policy and market creation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 7.1


7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5


Introduction ................................................................................ 52 Innovation policies .......................................................................... 52 Solar photovoltaic innovation ................................................................. 56 Barriers to implementing innovation policy ...................................................... 57 Conclusion: opportunities and challenges ....................................................... 59


References.. .. .. ... .. ... .. .. ... .. ... .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. ... .. ... .. .. ... .. ... .. .. ... .. .. ... . 60 Bridging the gap: Sectors and topics covered in the UN Environment Emissions Gap Reports .. .. .. ... .. ... .. .. . 84


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