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• Leadership and permanent secretariat (for cooperative initiatives).
• Target clarity and ownership.
• The presence of monitoring and progress reporting mechanisms.
• Past achievement of results, actors’ technical capacity.
• Financial incentives and the availability of funding.
• A commitment’s vulnerability to political considerations.
• The presence of regulatory support.
It should be noted that while monitoring, reporting and verification procedures are important in terms of enabling learning and boosting credibility among individual actors and initiatives, they may dissuade new NSAs from taking climate action. In ICIs in particular, if the goals and monitoring, reporting and verification procedures are considered too much of an administrative burden, it could discourage their further expansion.
5.4.3 Contributions by non-state and subnational actors beyond direct emission reductions
NSAs’ contributions to climate change action go beyond their quantifiable potential emission reductions: they can play a key role in building government confidence in implementing climate policies and they can signal and push for greater ambition. Quantitative analysis that emphasize NSAs’ direct contributions to climate mitigation may overlook the critical other roles that they play in global climate change governance, such as capacity-building, knowledge transfer and coalition building, as these important NSA actions are difficult to quantify. Other examples include facilitative or catalytic actions, such as low or zero-carbon norm creation, or policy foundations, such as voluntary emissions registries, which may produce longer-term societal transitions towards decarbonization (van der Ven et al., 2017).
Nevertheless, studies that analyze difficult to quantify NSA roles and functions in national and global climate change governance are emerging. These studies highlight three roles and functions as particularly important:
• Facilitating catalytic linkages (for example, Betsill et al., 2015) with national actors that are often informal in nature, but allow for actors such as national governments to address underlying drivers of emissions, build capacity, or shape low- carbon development contexts.
• Acting as potential orchestrators (for example, Abbott et al., 2012; Chan et al., 2018) in climate policy implementation and coordination with national and intergovernmental actors.
• Providing experimentation (for example, Hoffmann 2011; Bernstein and Hoffmann, 2018) for policy instruments or implementation deemed too risky or costly at the national level.
Box 5.5 provides examples of the orchestration role of NSAs.
Box 5.5 Orchestration of non-state and subnational action around the world
Actors and networks in developed and developing countries are incentivizing NSAs to act, identifying and addressing possible barriers to them doing so, and supporting NSA capacity- building to tackle climate change.
ActionLAC ActionLAC, a partnership set up by the Latin American Fundación Avina, aims to accelerate climate action and strengthen ambition in Latin America. Targeting actors such as community-based organizations, small enterprises, and local governments, this partnership fosters inclusive climate governance in Latin America. ActionLAC provides support throughout the “life-cycle of climate actions”, including elaborating, financing, implementing, evaluating and communicating climate action plans.
Cities and Regions Talanoa Dialogues ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability, together with the Global Covenant of Mayors for Climate & Energy and UN-Habitat, are facilitating Cities and Regions Talanoa Dialogues around the world, in response to similar dialogues in the context of the UNFCCC. These dialogues – 50 of which have been scheduled throughout 2018 – engage actors that have often not been adequately involved in national climate efforts to date, and to advance the New Urban Agenda adopted in 2016. For instance, they explore pathways for actively engaging subnational governments in formulating national climate investment plans. So far, about half of the scheduled dialogues are in developing countries.
European Dialogue on Non-State Climate Action The European Economic and Social Committee (EESC), the EU advisory body comprising representatives from workers’ and employers’ organizations, established the European Dialogue on Non-State Climate Action (ED-NSCA). This dialogue aims to strengthen and increase the scope and scale of European-based non-state climate action among constituencies that are often not traditionally known as main actors in environment and climate change, including workers’ and employers’ organizations in the industrial, agricultural and transport sectors. The European Dialogue envisages supporting non-state climate action by assessing, recognizing, improving, accelerating and supporting actions.
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