25
Figure 4.1: Typology of strengthening mitigation ambition of NDCs.
Strengthen or add a GHG target
Increase the stringency of an existing GHG target
Expand the scope and coverage of an existing GHG target
Change the
target period of an existing GHG target
Declare an intent
to overachieve an existing GHG target
Strengthen the modalities of an existing GHG target
Change the type of an existing GHG target
Adopt a new GHG target
Source: adapted from Franzen et al., (2017) Source: adapted from Fransen et al. (2017).
Strengthen or add a sectoral non-GHG target
Increase the stringency of a sectoral non-GHG target
Advance the target year of a sectoral non-GHG target
Declare an intent to
overachieve a sectoral non-GHG target
Adopt a new sectoral non-GHG target
Strengthen or add policies and actions
Strengthen existing policies and actions
Add new policies and actions
Align imlementation of the existing NDC with long-term goals
Commit to achieving the existing NDC via policies and actions that support long-term decarbonization pathways
4.4 Strengthening domestic policies
Domestic policies are critical for translating mitigation ambition into action. The suite of domestic policies to address climate change can be strengthened, both by expanding policy coverage to additional sectors and issues and by enhancing the stringency of existing policies.
A number of studies and initiatives analyze the coverage and stringency of domestic policies in G20 member countries (see, for example, OECD, 2016; CD-LINKS, 2018; Climate Transparency, 2018). As described in chapter 2, these countries account for roughly 78 percent of global emissions. These studies fi nd that there is signifi cant scope for enhancing the ‘coverage’ of G20 members’ national policies – that is, the presence of a policy addressing a particular sector, without considering its stringency. Evaluation of the coverage of ‘good- practice polices’ highlights that while policies to support,
for example, renewables in the electricity sector are widespread (100 percent of G20 members), coverage is scattered in other areas. To illustrate (CD-LINKS, 2018):
• Reducing transport-related fossil fuel subsidies is covered by only 38 percent of G20 countries.
• Overarching carbon pricing for the electricity sector is covered by only 44 percent of G20 members.
• Material effi ciency measures in industry show 38 percent coverage, while CH4
production have 38 percent coverage.
• Support schemes for using renewables in buildings’ heating and cooling systems are covered by only 19 percent of G20 members.
• Emission standards for heavy duty vehicles are covered by 56 percent, while e-mobility programs are covered by 31 percent of G20 members.
from oil and gas
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