6
Exam tip: In some scanning tasks, you need to look quickly for parts of the text that mean the same as the words and phrases in the question. You will not find the exact words and phrases from the question in the text.
D Scan the text again to answer these questions in the same way. Highlight the parts of the text that provide the answer. Which text:
1. accuses employers of not being supportive when women have babies? 2. suggests that working women do not always behave in a typically womanly way? 3. claims that people underestimate the importance of a certain profession? 4. says that girls’ ambitions are influenced by traditional thinking?
Reading 2: practise scanning for paraphrased language
A In pairs, answer the questions below. 1. How many reasons for women not entering a profession or leaving a profession can you remember from the extracts in Reading 1? 2. Can you think of any more reasons?
B Read this text about women working in academic medicine and answer the questions on the next page.
Stereotypes Keep Women from Academic Achievement
A Women in academic medicine who aspire to leadership positions often find their opportunities limited by gender bias, unequal pay and lack of mentors. This is certainly the view of Leah Dickstein, M.D., a Professor of Psychiatry and Associate Dean at the University Of Louisville School Of Medicine. ‘When women psychiatrists are not considered for leadership positions for which they are qualified, they often hear such comments as “I didn’t think your husband would be willing to move” or “I heard that you had several children, so I didn’t think you could take on this new responsibility”’, she claims.
B Dickstein also suggests that female staff over the age of 50 may face age bias, ‘We are viewed as too old and over the hill to assume new leadership responsibilities. Yet men in academic medicine in their 60s and 70s are offered new positions as deans and presidents of academic institutions and provided with senior academic leadership opportunities.’
C Gender-biased assumptions combined with lower salaries, a lack of effective mentoring and being given a higher number of clinical assignments than male colleagues add up to frustration for women who are attempting to advance their careers. These barriers have kept the number of women who are full, associate or assistant professors low, compared with male professors. Of the nation’s 157 medical schools, only 33 have permanent deans who are women physicians, and none is a psychiatrist. Women make up 27% of all permanent department chairs, and only 47 are psychiatrists.
D Studies on salaries and gender in academic medicine have found that women in some specialties and at some institutions earn up to 30% less than their male counterparts. Dickstein blamed women’s lack of progress in academic medicine on too many stereotypes and a lack of courage on the part of male colleagues to mentor and recommend qualified women for leadership positions.
E ‘The dearth of female faculty staff in the top ranks means fewer role models, mentors and networking opportunities for aspiring women physicians’, said Dickstein. It seems that mentors can provide valuable information about promotion criteria and salaries. However, mentors tend to give this advice to other men. Women, especially those with children, sometimes feel so grateful when they are offered an academic position that they don’t think about negotiating salaries or checking the research time and support staff that will be available to them.
F The rules for promotion in academic medicine were developed by men, so it is not surprising that women in academia sometimes feel like a square peg trying to fit into a round hole. For example, promotion committees measure outstanding performance by the number of papers published in journals. The problem with this yardstick is that women in nonsurgical specialties may be assigned more clinical duties and more complex patients than their male colleagues. This leaves women with less time to conduct research and write papers.
Pathway to IELTS 6.0 43
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