Between 1998 and 2009, the percentage of women under 54 working fell slightly. However, the percentage of women aged 55–65 working rose once again. In the last two or three years shown, there was a slight rise in the percentage of women over 65 in work. The percentage of older women working continues to rise while the percentage of younger women falls.
Unit 3, Exam Practice Writing E
The graph shows that between 1979 and 2008 the number of deaths from heart disease in the United States decreased for men but not for women.
In 1979, more men died from heart disease than women. Over the next few years, numbers of deaths fluctuated slightly for both genders, but by 1986 the number for women was higher.
Between 1986 and 2008, the number of deaths for men decreased fairly steadily, though the fall was sharper between 1988 and 1991 and there was a slight increase between 1991 and 1995. Since 1995, numbers for men have been steadily declining. Over the same period, the number of deaths for women fluctuated, but dropped significantly.
Between 1985 and 1990, there was a sharp fall in the number of deaths for women, but in 1991 the number began to rise once more and did so until 2000, when numbers reached a peak. Since 2000, numbers for women fell noticeably, but in 2008 were still 24,000 higher than for men.
Unit 4, Listening 2A
1. B (They’re the principal means of transportation in many regions.)
2. C (… have been adapted for such uses as children's toys, adult fitness, military and police applications …, etc.)
3. E (… been improved, especially since the advent of modern materials and computer-aided design.) steel
4. hub 5. 6. rubber
7. mounting step 8. moustache 9. c 10. d 11. b 12. a
Unit 4, Reading 2B
1. D (All of the second half of Paragraph D.) 2. H (The idea that things were ‘better in the good old days’ is generally a myth + explanation in rest of paragraph)
3. B (… feeling nostalgic about generally painful schooldays, a job they loathed or even a spell in hospital or prison.)
4. G (All of Paragraph G.) 5. F (Most of our days are filled with routine activities with no significance, like travelling to and from work or shopping for groceries.)
6. T (There is not yet a great deal of scientific literature on nostalgia.)
7. NG (Smell and touch are the senses that tend to 182 Pathway to IELTS 6.0
most readily prompt nostalgia, perhaps …)
8. NG (Research suggests that a negative memory can evoke feelings of nostalgia as long as the period or situation to which the feeling relates was eventually overcome.)
9. T (… record collections … are full of songs … listened to more for old times’ sake than for their timeless quality.)
10. b (The brain is an incredibly energy-intensive organ, …) 11. c (… that incapacitated sufferers through intense homesickness)
Note that 12–14 can be in any order. 12. A (… improves mood, increases self-esteem, …) 13. B (… strengthens social bonds) 14. D (… gives meaning to life) 15. c (… those recollections have always been viewed through rose-coloured spectacles.)
16. b (Because we tend to focus on fond memories, we edit out what we do not want to remember.)
Workbook Unit 4, Writing task B
Task A There are stories in the media these days about the number of people who are overweight or even obese. This applies not only to adults – children too are less healthy and are putting on weight. The blame for this is usually attached to the amount of fast food that young people eat and the fact that families eat pre-cooked food that has a lot of fat and little goodness.
I have to say that I can’t really say how much of a problem this is. I don’t know how healthily people ate 20 years ago and my own diet now is a healthy balance. My friends and I go to fast-food restaurants occasionally, but no more than my parents did.
I must admit that I see more and more fast-food places in my town and they are very popular. I suppose, in some families, the diet is less healthy too. Women work more now and perhaps don’t have time to cook meals with fresh ingredients every day. It is convenient to eat frozen food. Nevertheless, I can’t say that I see more overweight people, and young people I know play sports and stay fit.
There is a lot that could be done if this really is a problem. Fast-food restaurants are now encouraged to have healthier options like vegetarian burgers and salad and this is a good start. Supermarkets could have campaigns to convince people to buy fresh products and they could make fresh meat and fish less expensive. Most importantly, parents must show their children how to eat well.
Task C If you go to any big city and even most towns now, the first thing you notice is the amount of traffic.
At certain times, there is terrible congestion and people are sitting in cars going nowhere. Apart from
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