same time, you don’t want your language to be too simple. After the interview, you might regret that you didn’t use a word or phrase that you know was right for the situation. Listen to what the examiner says and think for a moment before you speak.
042
Unit 4 Consolidation – Speaking
D Listen to the same students using the more appropriate words and phrases. Check your ideas. 1
Examiner: Would you say that you were happy at school? Student: Yes, I have some very good memories of school. 2
Examiner: What was your favourite time of year as a child?
Student: Winter. When it’s winter now, I always feel nostalgic. I mean, it takes me back to my childhood.
3
Examiner: Is there a danger that people end up living in the past?
Student: Mm, I don’t think so. Everyone likes to sit and reminisce occasionally.
4
Examiner: Do you have regrets about leaving university so early?
Student: Oh yes. Now, I wish I had my degree. If only I could turn back the clock.
043
Unit 4 Consolidation – Vocabulary
B Mark the main stress on these words. Then listen and check. Practising saying the words. recollection reminisce associate association fundamental spontaneously
044
Anyway, the important thing is that during the Neolithic – or modern Stone Age – era, the way people lived changed dramatically. Before that, during the Palaeolithic era, people were nomadic. They moved from place to place and didn’t really have houses at all – at least not permanent ones. They may have slept in caves or built very primitive shelters, but they didn’t build houses. During the Neolithic era, people started to build houses. The growth of agriculture meant that people grew crops and kept their own animals. They no longer moved around hunting and gathering. For the first time, people wanted to settle and have a base. Some houses from this period were rectangular, but the better preserved houses, those probably dating from a slightly later time, were usually round – like this one. These houses were made from stones or mud bricks, depending on where they were. In this picture, you can see that the walls were built with flint, a hard stone that was also used at the time for making tools. The stone or flint walls were then coated with plaster. At that time, plaster would have been little more than mud or clay, but it would have kept the rain out. The roofs were made from mud or sticks and grass. Doorways were sometimes at ground level as is usual now, but here you can see that sometimes they were actually cut into the roof and that there were ladders on either side of the roof for access. This would have been practised presumably to protect the inhabitants from large wild animals that couldn’t climb. Inside the homes, strong wooden beams that were driven into the ground supported the roof. In the centre of most houses like this was a hearth. This was to keep people warm at night mainly, but may have been used for cooking too. Usually, these were little more than a fire made within a circle of stones, but later they were more like a primitive oven.
Some houses form this period had two separate
rooms within. One of these would have been … … I’m going to bring us right up to date now
Unit 4 Exam Practice – Listening
B You will hear two parts of a talk about houses. Listen and answer the questions. Voice: OK, so, here we are. Can you see the image on the screen clearly enough at the back? … Oh good, OK then. Now, it’s difficult to say exactly when houses like these were built because it probably happened at different times in different places. We talk about the Stone Age, but that lasted much longer in some parts of the world than in others. Houses like these may not have existed until what we call the Iron Age in many parts.
and talk about smart houses. I’m sure most of you will have heard the term smart house, but you might not know that much about what that means – unless you already live in one, of course. A smart house is a house that has a highly advanced automatic system. This can operate lighting, temperature control, security devices, window and door operations, multimedia and communication and potentially a host of other functions. Smart here means intelligent – the house is intelligent because it can monitor daily life within its walls and appears to make decisions. Not long ago, this would have sounded like something from a sci-fi movie, but now it’s all very much reality.
In a smart house, the systems within the house
are connected and can pass information to each other. So, for example, the security alarm can
Pathway to IELTS 6.0 205
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