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SKIN MICROBIOME 33


The skin microbiome analysed


n Ghita Lanzendörfer-Yu – DejaYu Kosmetikblog, Germany


Our skin is colonised by microorganisms, bacteria, fungi and viruses, sometimes even mites. All together, they form the so-called skin microbiome and are essential for our health. At the same time, the composition of our microbiome is as individual as a fingerprint. And it affects not only our skin health, but overall our wellbeing and possibly also our behaviour.


Genomic research successfully completed


In 2003, the National Institute of Health (NIH) declared that research on the human genome project was successfully completed after 13 years. We recall that we wanted to sequence the entire human genome in order to recognise hereditary diseases and to attribute other human traits (such as race) to their DNA. However, we humans are very similar in our genetic makeup. The small changes in the DNA are not responsible for the huge variations of the phenotype.1-4


All this led to the


investigation of a much larger biome - the human microbiome.


The Human Microbiome Project (HMP)


The trigger for this Herculean task is the insanely important role that microbes play in our daily lives. At the same time, we humans were very reckless in dealing with antibiotics and now find multi-resistant


Table 1: Areas of microbiome research Gut: Colon, intestinal


Oral: mouth, tongue, teeth, gingival Urogenital: vaginal, penile SKIN


Airway, lung


Placenta, breast milk Ocular, eye


Figure 1: Logo of the human microbiome project.


pathogenic germs in several places. These cannot be controlled by conventional means: l Industrial livestock farming5 l Hospital germs l Epidemic spread of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis bacteria e.g. in Eastern Europe, India, South East Asia and sub- Sahara Africa6,7


The publications of the human microbiome project are all listed by the NIH under the web address: https://hmpdacc.org/. The NIH is putting it like this: “Within the human body, it is estimated that there are 10x as many microbial cells as human cells. Our microbial partners carry out a number of metabolic reactions that are not encoded in the human genome and


All


17546 4843 1477 1372 764 702 152


Table 1: Different areas of microbiome research.10


2011-2016 10707 2089 706 754 524 426 82


Change +61% +43% +48% +55% +55% +61% +54%


It should be noticed, that most studies have been


undertaken on the microbiome of the gut. However, overall intensified research of the microbiome as a whole has taken place in recent years. So also data accumulate that we humans are probably colonised with microbes everywhere.


September 2019


are necessary for human health. Therefore when we talk about the “human genome” we should think of it as an amalgam of human genes and those of our microbes.”


The research on the human microbiome The research on the HMP is not just about gaining insight, but a much bigger dimension: how to identify how microbes affect our health. That they do so has been suspected for some time. Now, also the scientific data accumulate, supporting that idea. The relevance of this research is reflected in key parameters: l Intensive cooperation of the research groups


l Creation of large research collectives l Constant up-date of taxonomic databases8


l Constant improvement of analytical methods9 And probably the most important:


l Publication of the vast majority of articles as “open access”, i.e. they are thus freely accessible to the general public.


The skin microbiome Our skin – compared to the rest of our body and the internal organs - is an extremely dry area. This lies in the nature of the matter, because the skin forms the largest and most external human organ with a size of about 1.8 m2


. At the same time, it forms an effective barrier11,12 against all external influences.13


It is


both flexible and supple, but also tough and resistant at the same time. The skin surface can be grouped into


three main areas: oily, moist and dry (Fig 2). Actually, they are not related to the cosmetic classification of skin types.14 It is now logical that these areas also should have different microbial properties. That means these areas should be colonised by different members of the microbiome. The group of Elizabeth Grice15


has been


researching the skin microbiome for more than 10 years. Bacteria are the most common colonisers of the skin, followed by viruses and fungi (Fig 3). The following bacterial phylae (strains) are most commonly found:


PERSONAL CARE ASIA PACIFIC


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