Vocabulary bank
Recognizing fixed phrases from tourism and hospitality studies (3) Make sure you understand these key phrases relating to management.
top-down management style process-oriented management style strategic decision tactical decision operational decision
business strategy business interests long-term medium-term short-term
human resources management team senior manager line manager
employee involvement
Recognizing fixed phrases from academic English (3) Make sure you understand these key phrases from general academic English.
One of the …
In some circumstances, … Even so, … …, as follows: …
The writers conclude/assume/suggest that …
In this sort of situation … It is obvious/clear that … It appears to be the case that … Research has shown …
The evidence does not support this idea. Recognizing levels of confidence in research or information
In an academic context, writers will usually indicate the level of confidence in information they are giving. When you read a ‘fact’ in a text, look for qualifying words before it, which show the level of confidence.
Examples:
It appears to be the case that … / This suggests that … (tentative) The evidence shows that … / It is clear that … (definite/confident)
Recognizing ‘marked’ words
Many common words in English are ‘neutral’, i.e., they do not imply any view on the part of the writer or speaker. However, there are often apparent synonyms which are ‘marked’. They show attitude, or stance.
Example: Neutral
Occupancy rates rose by 10% last year. Marked Occupancy rates soared by 10% last year.
When you read a sentence, think: Is this a neutral word, or is it a marked word? If it is marked, what does this tell me about the writer’s attitude to the information?
When you write a sentence, think: Have I used neutral words or marked words? If I have used marked words, do they show my real attitude/the attitude of the original writer?
Extend your vocabulary by learning marked words and their exact effect. Examples: Neutral
Marked
go down, fall, decrease say, state good
slump, plummet
assert, maintain, claim, argue, allege great, brilliant, tremendous
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