organize the technology and processes to deliver the products, facilities and services so that customers achieve their aims in the restaurant.’ I’m sure you hadn’t looked at going out for a meal in this way, right?
Unit 3, Lesson 2, Exercise D 1.16 Part 3
In the past two decades, hospitality has become the subject of much academic research. Based on research by Littlejohn in the 1990s, you could say there were two main approaches.
In the beginning, research was dominated by the natural and physical sciences, such as food science, technical equipment design or technical equipment testing. It was a very scientific type of research and, as you will see, very limited.
Another approach to research was the management approach. This took a much wider view. It looked at the balance between four areas. It studied the external environment: what’s going on in the industry, what changes there are in legislation, government regulation, the state of the economy, etc. It studied human resources: the people in the industry, such as hospitality staff, but also issues like management and training. It studied the technical infrastructure: what you need to provide a service, such as front office integrated software packages, closed-circuit TV security systems, communication facilities, etc. And it studied management information systems: the software and data you need to make decisions which allow you to improve hospitality services, how to gather such data and what to do with it.
Unit 3, Lesson 2, Exercise E 1.17
Part 4 Now, how has this research developed since then, and what theories have come up in recent times? In the late 1990s, Taylor and Edgar reviewed the hospitality research debate, including all the work done by Littlejohn, and they suggested that there were three purposes to hospitality research.
The first purpose is to uncover and make sense of existing behaviour. What is happening in the industry, what’s out there? The focus is discovery. This is essentially a positivist or scientific approach, a method that looks at facts, data, things that can be quantified, not feelings.
The second one is to discover new ways of managing within the hospitality industry. Here the
116
focus is on management. This is a normative approach, which is in contrast to the scientific. Normative researchers are interested in what people think and feel about hospitality.
The third purpose is to enable hospitality faculties at colleges and universities to educate future practitioners – an educational approach.
What happened after that? Well, a breakthrough
really came in 2000, when Lashley and Morrison published In Search of Hospitality – Theoretical Perspectives and Debates. They argued that there were three domains of hospitality: there was the social domain (what happens between people on social occasions that are public), the private domain (what happens on a private level within families when they receive guests) and the commercial domain (how companies organize things). And there are various ways of looking at these domains.
OK, that’ll be enough for now. We’ll continue the lecture from there after the break.
Unit 3, Lesson 3, Exercise A 1.18 1 accommo'dation
2 e'quipment 3 in'vestment 4 con'sume 5 a'ccommodate 6 enter'tainment 7 ca'sino 8 fa'cilities 9 associ'ation
10 'industry 11 'subsidized 12 'purchase
Unit 3, Lesson 4, Exercise B 1.19 Part 5
So, where does that lead us now? Having looked at the history of hospitality research, it’s time to look at the present day. At the moment, there are five principal schools of thought when it comes to hospitality. When I say that, I realize that we do have to generalize a bit, of course, when talking about this. In practice, you will see that these approaches sometimes overlap. They are, after all, ways of looking at the same reality.
First, there’s the hospitality science school. Studies
Page 1 |
Page 2 |
Page 3 |
Page 4 |
Page 5 |
Page 6 |
Page 7 |
Page 8 |
Page 9 |
Page 10 |
Page 11 |
Page 12 |
Page 13 |
Page 14 |
Page 15 |
Page 16 |
Page 17 |
Page 18 |
Page 19 |
Page 20 |
Page 21 |
Page 22 |
Page 23 |
Page 24 |
Page 25 |
Page 26 |
Page 27 |
Page 28 |
Page 29 |
Page 30 |
Page 31 |
Page 32 |
Page 33 |
Page 34 |
Page 35 |
Page 36 |
Page 37 |
Page 38 |
Page 39 |
Page 40 |
Page 41 |
Page 42 |
Page 43 |
Page 44 |
Page 45 |
Page 46 |
Page 47 |
Page 48 |
Page 49 |
Page 50 |
Page 51 |
Page 52 |
Page 53 |
Page 54 |
Page 55 |
Page 56 |
Page 57 |
Page 58 |
Page 59 |
Page 60 |
Page 61 |
Page 62 |
Page 63 |
Page 64 |
Page 65 |
Page 66 |
Page 67 |
Page 68 |
Page 69 |
Page 70 |
Page 71 |
Page 72 |
Page 73 |
Page 74 |
Page 75 |
Page 76 |
Page 77 |
Page 78 |
Page 79 |
Page 80 |
Page 81 |
Page 82 |
Page 83 |
Page 84 |
Page 85 |
Page 86 |
Page 87 |
Page 88 |
Page 89 |
Page 90 |
Page 91 |
Page 92 |
Page 93 |
Page 94 |
Page 95 |
Page 96 |
Page 97 |
Page 98 |
Page 99 |
Page 100 |
Page 101 |
Page 102 |
Page 103 |
Page 104 |
Page 105 |
Page 106 |
Page 107 |
Page 108 |
Page 109 |
Page 110 |
Page 111 |
Page 112 |
Page 113 |
Page 114 |
Page 115 |
Page 116 |
Page 117 |
Page 118 |
Page 119 |
Page 120 |
Page 121 |
Page 122 |
Page 123 |
Page 124 |
Page 125 |
Page 126 |
Page 127 |
Page 128 |
Page 129 |
Page 130 |
Page 131 |
Page 132 |
Page 133 |
Page 134 |
Page 135 |
Page 136
