10.2 Reading
identifying stance and level of confidence • inferring implicit ideas
A Study the sentence on the right. Each phrase in box a could go in the space. What effect would each one have
on the base meaning? Mark from *** = very confident to * = very tentative.
B Survey the text on the opposite page. 1 What will the text be about?
2 Write three research questions. C Read the text. Does it answer your questions?
D Answer these questions. 1 What level of decision-making is involved when a company decides to merge with another?
2 A tour operator decides to try to buy extra rooms for one season only. What kind of aim is this?
3 What is the opposite of a top-down management style?
4 What reason does Murphy give for the need for good management?
5 What does Page believe is the main objective of most tourism producers?
6 What is Leiper’s case study an example of?
7 Who has to change in Buhalis and Costa’s ‘transformations’?
E Find the phrases in box b in the text. Is the writer confident (C) or tentative (T) about the information
which follows?
F Study the last sentence of the last paragraph. 1 Underline the marked words the writer uses.
2 What does the choice of these words tell you about the writer’s opinion of the Hilton chain?
3 Find neutral words to use in their place.
G Study the example sentence on the right, and then sentences A and B.
1 Divide sentences A and B into small parts, as in the example sentence.
2 Underline any linking words (e.g., conjunctions).
3 Find the subjects, verbs, objects/complements and adverbial phrases which go together.
4 Make several short simple sentences which show the meaning.
80 B
In recent years, many writers have claimed that decentralizing management has a very positive effect on the success of a business, but not all evidence supports that belief.
Example:
Many writers|seem to agree|that|in tourism,|as in any other business,|management
|takes place|at three levels: strategic, tactical and operational.
A
However, many smaller businesses, like the resort described below, opt for a different solution altogether, which Briedenhann and Wickens define as ‘empowerment and progressive capacity-building of local people into management positions.’
b a
Poor management last year the decline in visitor numbers.
probably caused may have contributed to
was possibly one of the factors which contributed to
could have been a factor which led to
caused seems to have caused It is obvious …
Many writers seem to agree … It appears to be the case … many writers have claimed … Leiper’s 1995 study found …
Much of the data in that study suggests …
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