5 CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF DISEASE


5.4 Extending skills


Lesson aims


 make effective and appropriate contributions to a seminar


Further practice in:  speaking from notes  reporting information


Introduction


Revise stance words and restatement/deviation phrases from the previous lesson. Give a word or phrase and ask students to give one with a similar meaning. Alternatively, give a sentence or phrase from the lecture in Lessons 5.2 and 5.3 and ask students to tell you the accompanying stance word or restatement phrase, e.g., Fighting disease is … (arguably) the most important aspect of medicine.


Exercise A


1 Tell students to look at the diagram. Set for pairwork discussion.


2 Ask students to use what they know about communicable diseases and non-communicable conditions. Remind them that these were mentioned in the lecture.


Answers Possible answers:


1 It shows mortality rates for the three major groupings of causes of death used by the World Health Organization for two countries, A and B. Mortality for communicable diseases is very low for country A and high for country B. Mortality for non-communicable diseases is high for A and low for B.


2 Communicable diseases are those which can be transmitted from one person to another, either directly or indirectly (such as via insects as in malaria). Non-communicable conditions are those which cannot be transmitted. Examples of communicable diseases are: tuberculosis, syphilis, chlamydia, gonorrhoea, HIV/AIDS, diarrhoeal diseases, poliomyelitise, diphtheria, measles, tetanus, meningitis, hepatitis, malaria, leprosy, dengue, trachoma, respiratory infections, maternal conditions, perinatal conditions. Examples of non- communicable conditions are: malignant neoplasms (cancers) – for all body parts, leukaemia, diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer’s and other dementias, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, cirrhosis.


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