Answers Possible answers:
Review General point
What are the direct effects? What are the indirect effects?
Notes CC has direct + indirect effects on health
e.g. - 1999 flooding in Caracas →30,000 deaths
1) Heatwaves → - ↑ UV exposure (UK – 5,000 skin cancer/2,000 cataract cases per yr by 2050) - ↑ food poisoning (UK – salmonella 10,00 extra cases per yr) - ↑ prod air pollutants →↑cardio-vasc diseases/respiratory/allergies, etc. - ↑ vector-borne thru mosquitoes/ticks →reintro malaria UK
2) Storms/Tornadoes/Flooding → - debris →injuries - water-borne: intestinal diseases (sanitation problems) - psychological problems (stress from migration/disruption) - spread infection (cramped conditions/temp shelters)
Summary CC will have a major impact in public health. Direct effects: floods + heatwaves = deaths. Indirect effects: 1) heatwaves = UV exposure (skin cancer, cataracts), food poisoning, pollutants (CV disease, respiratory disease, allergies), vector-borne disease. 2) Storms/Tornadoes/Flooding = injuries, water-borne diseases, psychological problems, spread of infection.
Transcript≤2.10
Part 2 Let’s turn now to the topic of global warming.
We’ll look at how it impacts on health first of all and then we’ll consider the role of public health authorities and how they are dealing with the situation. I would be very surprised if anyone in this room had not heard of global warming. But have you ever stopped to think about the effects it may have on the health of the nation, indeed the planet? Before we go into the details in terms of health, I just want to look at the term ‘global warming’.
You don’t need to take notes on this, but I just
want to give you a bit of background. According to the 4th Assessment Report of the IPCC, that’s the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, changes in lifestyle over the last 50 years have had an extremely negative effect on the atmosphere. In simple terms, roughly 66% of solar energy reaching the earth is absorbed by and heats the earth’s surface. The heat then radiates back to the atmosphere where some of it is trapped by greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide. Over the last 50 years the burning of fossil fuels, for
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example, has released large quantities of CO2 which have in turn had an affect on the climate.
Now where was I? Oh yes, right, I was talking
about the effects of climate change on health. Of course, extremes of climate and weather can have both direct and indirect impacts on human life. Floods in Caracas in Venezuela in 1999 killed some 30,000 people. And Europe hasn’t escaped such large-scale human loss either – the heatwave of 2003, for example, was linked to 35,000 deaths, mainly of the elderly, through heat stroke and dehydration.
Indirectly, there are differing effects of climate
change depending on the source. Heatwaves, for example, mean increased UV exposure, which the UK Department of Health predicts will result in an extra 5,000 cases of skin cancer and 2,000 cases of cataracts per year by 2050. Higher temperatures also raise the possibilities of food poisoning, with an estimated 10,000 extra cases of salmonella infection per year in the UK. Higher temperatures also exacerbate the production of air pollutants. Air pollution in turn increases the frequency of cardio-vascular diseases and respiratory disorders,
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