Exercise F
Introduce the concept of projections for disease incidence. Elicit or give a definition, e.g., Projections are an estimate of how widespread a disease will be by a given time, based on historical and existing data. With the whole class, discuss what Figure 1 shows. Elicit some of the verbs and adverbs which students may need in order to discuss question 2. For example:
Go up rise
increase grow
improve No change stay the same
Go down fall
remain at … decrease doesn’t change is unchanged
decline worsen drop
Adverbs slightly
gradually steadily
significantly
sharply dramatically
Note: These verbs are generally used in an intransitive sense when describing trends.
1 Discuss with the whole class. The answer to this question should be one sentence giving the topic of the graph.
2 Set for pairwork. Students should write or say a sentence about each projection. Feed back, eliciting sentences from the students. Write correct sentences on the board, or display the model answers on an OHT or other visual medium. Make sure that students notice the prepositions used with the numbers and dates.
Answers Model answers:
Figure 1 shows mortality rate data and projections for a number of diseases from 1990 to 2030. Deaths from infectious and parasitic diseases rose sharply from 9.25 to 10.3 million deaths between 1990 and 2005, a growth of 1 million. The projection shows this dropping slightly to 10.2 million by 2015, and rising steadily by 0.6 million by 2030. Deaths from respiratory infections decreased sharply between 1990 and 2005, a decline of 1 million to 3.8 million. Between 2005 and 2015 a gradual decrease of 0.6 million is expected, followed by a steady decline. Mortality rates from perinatal conditions dropped steadily from 2.5 million in 1990 to 2.3 million in 2005. This steady decline is predicted to continue up to 2030, reaching 1.6 million.
Underline the verbs and adverbs. Ask students to make nouns from the verbs, and adjectives from the adverbs. Alternatively, you could reproduce the following table (minus the noun and adjective forms) on the board, on an OHT or on a handout. The incomplete table is reproduced in the additional resources section (Resource 5B) to facilitate this.
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Verbs rise
increase grow
improve fall
decrease drop
decline
Nouns a rise
an increase growth*
a decrease a drop
a decline
Adverbs gradually sharply slightly
improvement markedly a fall
significantly rapidly steeply steadily
Adjective gradual sharp slight
marked
significant rapid steep
steady *usually (but not always) uncountable in this sense
Return to the original answer sentences and ask students to make sentences with the same meaning, using the nouns and adjectives in place of the verbs and adverbs. Note that when using the noun + adjective, sentences can be made using There will be ... or … predicts a… . Do one or two examples orally, then ask students to write the remaining sentences. Feed back.
Exercise G
First ask students to look at Figure 2 and discuss in pairs the information it shows. Feed back.
Answers Model answer:
The graph shows three scenarios for possible changes in the rate of deaths from TB in the world between 1990 and 2020.
In scenario 1, the rate of deaths will fall steadily from two million in 1990 to one million in 2020, a decrease of one million deaths a year. Scenario 2 suggests that the rate will grow slightly, reaching around 2.2 million by 2020. Scenario 3, the pessimistic scenario, predicts that mortality will rise steeply to around 3.25 million by 2020. Based on these predictions, the actual rate could either decline by one million or less or increase by 1.25 million or less, by 2020.
Exercise H
Set for pairwork. Feed back with the whole class. Students may need a little prompting before discussing the causes of the falls in death rates. Prompt if necessary by asking them to think about possible causes of disease as discussed earlier. You could take the discussion further by asking if students think the reasons for the increases and decreases set out below are valid.
Answers Model answers:
1 Mortality from respiratory diseases will drop by 1.2 million while mortality from perinatal disease will drop by 0.7 million. In terms of the mortality
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