6 BIOLOGY, BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOLOGY Language note


Point out to your students that there is no true synonym for the noun metabolism but that one does exist for convert in the verb form.


5 o


Oo oO


Ooo oOo


oOoo ooOo


ooOoo oooOo


sign, cell


cycle, daughter convert, prevent


generalized, specialized, nucleus, envelope destruction, infection, instructions analysis, contaminants, identify metabolic, replication, separation anatomical, equatorial characteristics


Exercise B


1 Set for pairwork discussion. Students should refer to the words they have looked at in Exercise A to help describe what they can conclude from the diagram. Monitor but don’t assist. Feed back with the whole class, checking that students can state that the diagrams show the structures of human cells, bacteria and viruses. Elicit words which can be used from Exercise A.


2 Set for pairwork discussion. Remind students about words they have already studied for describing cells. Feed back with the whole class. It may be necessary to remind students that the question relates to what can be inferred from the diagram.


3 Set for pairwork discussion and feed back with the whole class.


Answers Model answers:


1 It shows some components of human cells and that cells perform different functions in the body, some components of a bacteria and some components of a virus.


2 Both human cells and bacteria have cell walls, a nucleus and chromosomes. Viruses only have RNA/ DNA and a lipid envelope. Human cells are specialized, while cells in bacteria tend to be generalized.


3 It shows the five stages of mitosis, in which a cell reproduces itself by creating an identical copy of its chromosomes.


Exercise C


Answers 1 The nuclear envelope dissolves during the prophase.


2 The number of chromosomes in the cell doubles during the prophase.


3 In the metaphase, the chromosomes align at the equator of the cell.


4 During the anaphase, the chromosomes separate.


5 During the telophase, the nuclear envelope begins to gradually reappear.


6 The two new cells created in the cycle are daughter cells of the original cell.


Exercise D


Set for pairwork. The aim is for the students to notice the differences between the original text and the version written by Student B.


Elicit the idea of paraphrasing and set students to identify the main ways to do this at a sentence level, namely:


• using different grammar • using different words • reordering the information Write these points on the board.


Also make the point very strongly that a paraphrase is not a paraphrase unless 90% of the language is different. There are some words which must remain the same, as they do not have a synonym.


It is best to try to use all three of the above strategies, if possible. It is important to emphasize to students that medical language requires exactness and that while some words can be expressed in more than one way, many cannot; paraphrasing of a diagnosis for example, is not appropriate or expected.


It may be helpful for the students if you reproduce the sentences from Exercise C and the sentences in Exercise D on strips of paper so that they can move them around. Both sets of sentences are reproduced in the additional resources section (Resource 6B) to facilitate this.


Ask students to locate the parts of each sentence which seem to match. They will need to look at the overall meaning of each phrase, using pairwork. Feed back with the whole group, using the OHT strips and highlighting the matching parts with coloured pens.


Answers Model answers:


1 The nuclear envelope dissolves during the prophase


2 The number of chromosomes in the cell doubles during the prophase


3 In the metaphase, the chromosomes align at the equator of the cell


4 During the anaphase, the chromosomes separate


b During the prophase, the nuclear envelope begins to break down


c In the first part of the reproductive cycle, the number of chromosomes in the cell doubles


f The chromosomes align themselves in the equator of the cell in the metaphase


d Separation of the chromosomes occurs during the anaphase


99


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