Methodology note


It is good for students to get into the habit of thinking about the form of their notes before they read a text in detail. If they don’t do this, they will tend to be drawn into narrative notes rather than notes which are specifically designed to help them answer their research questions.


Answers Possible answers:


1 Vaccination involves the administration of a preparation that allows the body to develop resistance to a disease without having to be exposed to it.


2 The three questions from Lesson 2.2 would be fine, although students may come up with better ones.


3 See Unit 1 Skills bank. A timeline would be an appropriate form of notes.


Exercise C


1 Remind students of the importance of topic sentences. Set for individual work and pairwork checking.


2 Encourage students not to read ahead. Perhaps you should ask students to cover the text and only reveal each topic sentence in turn, then discuss possible contents of the paragraph. Remind them that it is not a good idea to read every part of a text unless you have to. If you have an OHP or other visual display, you can tell students to shut their books and just show the topic sentences from the jigsaw text in the additional resources section (Resource 2C), or you can give them as a handout.


3 Set the choice of paragraphs for pairwork. Students then read individually, make notes and compare them. Monitor and assist.


4 Give students time to read other paragraphs if they need to.


Discourse note


It is as well to be aware (though you may not feel it is appropriate to discuss with students at this point) that in real academic texts, the topic sentence may not be as obvious as in the texts in this unit. Sometimes there is not an explicit topic sentence, so that the overall topic of the paragraph must be inferred. Equally, the actual topic sentence for the paragraph can be near the end rather than at the beginning of the paragraph. Sometimes, also, the first sentence of a paragraph acts as a topic statement for a succession of paragraphs.


Answers Possible answers: 2


Topic sentence


One of the greatest achievements of 20th-century medicine was the global eradication of smallpox.


Smallpox is caused by the variola virus and is most often transmitted by inhaling the virus.


The first attempts to control the disease used a technique known as variolation.


However, it was the discovery of vaccination by Edward Jenner in 1796 which marked a major step forward in controlling the disease.


Further advances were made in the 1920s with the development of dried vaccines in France and the Netherlands.


In 1966, the WHO set a ten- year goal for the eradication of smallpox worldwide.


By 1980, the WHO could formally declare smallpox eradicated worldwide.


Smallpox has a number of unique characteristics which made its eradication possible.


Although smallpox has ceased to kill, it remains a potential danger to humanity.


Possible paragraph content


history of the smallpox disease (severity, number of people killed, etc.)


background on the disease (mechanisms of transmission of the disease, incubation period and symptoms of the disease)


initial techniques used (what is variolation and to what degree was it successful?)


description of the discovery of vaccinations


further developments and their significance


the eradication process (was the goal achieved)?


the eradication of smallpox (what evidence did the WHO have to be able to say this?)


how it was possible to eradicate smallpox (what were the unique characteristics?)


conclusion – why does it remain a danger?


3 The appropriate paragraphs to read depend on the research questions you and your students decide on.


Exercise D


1 If it is possible to research on the Internet during the lesson, send students to the computers now. They can work in groups. If not, set the task for homework and feed back next lesson.


2 Set for individual work and group-work checking.


3 The idea is that students, on the basis of the topic sentences, present their information to fellow students. Make sure students realize that they only have to write the topic sentences. They can add the details orally. Encourage them to stick to information that is relevant to their research questions.


40


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