regulating body temperature. Blood is made up of plasma, red and white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells are responsible for transporting the oxygen from the lungs to cells throughout the body. There are about 250 million red blood cells in a drop of blood. White blood cells protect the body against disease, forming a first line of defence against infection. The ratio of red blood cells to white blood cells is around 700 to 1. Platelets are the component of blood which helps to stop bleeding when blood vessels are damaged. There are between 500,000 and 2,000,000 platelets in each drop of blood.


The heart is the mechanism by which the blood is


pumped through the body. It beats about 100,000 times each day, pumping more than 14,000 litres of blood. The left side of the heart pumps blood through the blood vessels. The right side pumps blood through the lungs to collect oxygen and discharge carbon dioxide. As you can see from slide 4, the heart is composed of four chambers; the right and left atria and the left and right ventricles. Blood passes through valves in the heart which prevent the blood from flowing backwards. The heart is made up of muscle fibres and has its own blood supply. About 1 per cent of the fibres have specialized functions which allow them to coordinate the actions of the heart.


There are three main types of blood vessels:


arteries, veins and capillaries. Arteries carry the blood away from the heart to body tissues. These divide into smaller and smaller arteries, eventually forming microscopic vessels called capillaries. The capillaries are known as exchange vessels because they allow the exchange of nutrients and waste between the body’s cells and the blood. The capillaries come together to eventually form veins which are the blood vessels transporting blood back to the heart.


≤Exercise E


Part 4 summarizes the contents of the lecture on physiology. Tell students that this is the last part of the lecture. What do they expect to hear? Confirm that it is a summary. Play Part 4.


1 Students should check their definitions as they listen. After the summary has finished, they should correct their definitions and complete their notes. Guide them to the correct answer: that is, the correct meaning, not necessarily the words given here.


2 Elicit ideas. Then set the research for students to work on in pairs or individually. They will need to report back in Lesson 3.3.


50


Answers Model answers: 1 Anatomy


2 The research task is to look at anatomy as a basic principle.


Transcript ≤1.14 Part 4


So, to summarize, we’ve looked briefly at the 11 systems in the body and we looked at two of them in more detail – the skeletal system and the cardiovascular system. Anatomy and physiology are closely related fields of study: anatomy is the study of form while physiology is the study of function. They are intrinsically tied and it is usual to study them in tandem as part of the medical curriculum. OK, that’s it for today. Next time we’ll look at anatomy as a basic principle. Don’t forget to do a bit of research on it before you come. Thanks for listening today.


≤Exercise F These are sentences about the ideas in the lecture.


Set for pairwork. Say or play the sentences. Give time for students to discuss and then respond. Students must justify their answers. Advise them to beware of statements containing absolutes such as always, never, all. These are rarely true. They should also listen out for numbers – the numbers 13 and 30, for example, are easily confused.


Answers


1 true 2 false


3 false 4 false


5 true


6 false Wrist bones tend to be nearly equal in length and width.


Blood transports oxygen from the lungs to the cells.


The heart pumps 14,000 litres of blood a day.


The ratio of red to white blood cells is approximately 700 to 1


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