5 CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF DISEASE
there are degenerative diseases, caused by lack of growth. Finally, in this classification, there are inflammatory diseases where the cell’s tissue is damaged. They can also be grouped by whether they are congenital diseases, which are from birth, or hereditary – passed on by parents. In addition, they can be classified in terms of the population groups they attack, such as maternal diseases, or in terms of the part of the body they attack, such as cardiac diseases.
So what can we do to lessen the effect that
diseases have on our lives? Of course, we want to cure patients. But that is only one way in which we are useful in our role as doctors. In addition to curing people of diseases, another benefit we can provide is by preventing them from getting the disease in the first place. We have seen already what a powerful tool vaccination is and how it can prevent the spread of very dangerous diseases. A good example of this is the eradication of smallpox, which you came across earlier.
≤Exercise E
Ask students what they expect to hear about in the next part. Refer students to their outline again. Give them time to read the questions. Note that the final part of the lecture will be heard in Lesson 5.3, but there is no need to tell them this at this point. Play Part 3. Set the questions for pairwork. Students should use their notes to help them answer the questions.
Feed back. Note that there is no need to build a set of notes on the board at this point – this will be done in Lesson 5.3. Ask students if they can remember exactly what the lecturer said to indicate that she had lost her place.
Answers Model answers: 1 geographical distribution of disease
2 by prevalence (how many of the people have the disease), incidence (number of new people acquiring the disease), and mortality (how many people die from the disease)
3 non-communicable diseases (Er ... Where was I? Oh, yes.)
Transcript ≤1.23 Part 3
Anyway, er … to return to the main point – it’s essential to identify population groups because the same type of intervention or treatment for a disease can be used with others in that group. Fundamentally, disease control is about having accurate data on disease levels within specific population groups. So how do we find out what these are? Well, one way to identify them is to look at the overall number of people in specific populations who have been diagnosed with a disease. This indicates the prevalence or extent of the disease in that population. We can then look at how many new cases of the disease are diagnosed in the population each year, which gives us the incidence of the disease. Sometimes, for practical reasons, we may need to estimate this based on a sample of the population. The number of people who die from the disease each year gives us the mortality rate. We can then analyze the prevalence, incidence and mortality rates of diseases as they are reported and look within these for population group characteristics. These can include age, gender (especially in the case of maternal diseases), income levels, geography, and whether individuals have an active or sedentary lifestyle – as in the case of coronary disease. Of these, geography, that is to say where people live, is probably one of the most important. Naturally, rates of prevalence, incidence and mortality between countries in the developed and developing world can be very different. For example, over 70% of mortality from AIDS in 2005 was in countries in sub-Saharan Africa (2 million out of 2.8 million worldwide). And the same variations are true of other diseases, particularly mortality from perinatal diseases, by which I mean those affecting children under one month old. By the way, AIDS and perinatal diseases are classified by the World Health Organization as communicable diseases, along with TB, malaria and other diseases which can be transmitted in some way. Non-communicable diseases refer to those which cannot be transmitted such as coronary disease … Er … Where was I? Oh, yes ...
Exercise F
This gives further practice in identifying words and phrases used synonymously in a particular context. Set for individual work and pairwork checking.
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