Exercise D Set for individual work. Feed back with the whole class.


Exercise E


Draw a table with the headings from the Answers section on the board. If you wish, students can also draw a similar table in their notebooks. Explain that in academic writing, sentences can seem very complex. This is often not so much because the sentence structure is highly complex in itself, but that the subjects and objects/complements may consist of clauses or complex noun phrases. Often the verb is quite simple. But in order to fully understand a text, the grammar of a sentence must be understood. Subject + verb + object or complement is the basic sentence structure of English. Students need to be able to locate the subjects, main verbs and their objects or complements.


Elicit from the students the subject, main verb and object for the first sentence. Ask students for the head word of each subject, main verb and object (underlined in the table in the Answers section). Write them in the table on the board. Using high-speed questioning, get students to build the whole phrase that constitutes the subject/main verb/object/complement.


Example 1:


An understanding of the principles of pharmacology forms a key component in the study of medicine. What is the sentence about? = understanding What does understanding do? = it forms What does it form? = a key component


Answers Model answers:


Subject


An understanding of the principles of pharmacology


Students of pharmacology


Firstly, there is autonomic pharmacology, which


Antibiotic penicillin is a good example


Having made significant advances in the field, researchers


Both discoveries Verb forms look at is is have now created are sure to have Object/complement a key component in the study of medicine.


the way in which the biochemical, physiological and psychological processes in health and disease are affected by drugs.


the study of the effect of chemicals and drugs on the functioning of the autonomic nervous system.


of the effects of chemicals on biological systems so-called ‘designer drugs’. far-reaching consequences for the future of medicine.


Write these head words in the table on the board. Then elicit the remaining words and add to the table:


Understanding what exactly? = the principles of pharmacology


Give me more information about what this forms = a key component in the study of medicine.


Example 2: This example shows how to deal with is + complement.


Antibiotic penicillin is a good example of the effects of chemicals on biological systems as it destroys bacteria by inhabiting an enzyme that synthesizes as essential polysaccharide of the bacterial wall.


What is this sentence about in general? = penicillin


More particularly? = the fact that it kills bacteria and how it goes about doing this What’s the main verb in this sentence? = is So what is a good example? = penicillin


The idea is that students should be able to extract something which contains the kernel even if it does not make complete sense without the full phrase.


Ask students to identify the leading prepositional/ adverbial phrase in the fourth sentence (is A good example of this ...). Point out that this part contains information which is extra to the main part of the sentence. The sentence can be understood quite easily without it.


Set the remainder of the exercise for individual work followed by pairwork checking. Finally, feed back with the whole class.


You may wish to refer students to the Skills bank – Finding the main information.


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