Exercise A


Set the exercise for pairwork. Students should refer to the table on the board to explain the rating system. Feed back with the whole class, pointing out the aspects of the language that contribute to the degree of confidence.


Answers Model answers:


Word/phrase


probably caused may have


contributed to


was possibly one of * the factors which contributed to


could have been a factor which led to


caused


seems to have caused


Exercise B


Remind students that surveying the text means skim- reading to get an approximate idea of the text contents. They should:


 look at the title


 look at the first few lines and the final few lines of the text


 look at the first sentence of each paragraph


Note that this is in order to get a very approximate idea of the contents of the text. This will enable students to formulate questions about the text for which they might try to find answers. Students should be discouraged from reading deeply at this point, as they will be able to do this later.


Set for individual work and pairwork discussion. Each pair should agree three questions. Feed back with the whole class. Write some research questions on the board.


Exercise C


Set for individual work followed by pairwork discussion. Feed back with the whole class. Ask whether the questions you have put on the board have been answered in the text.


*


*** **


Rating Words which show less than 100% confidence


** *


probably may


contributed (i.e., there were other reasons)


possibly one of the factors (i.e., there


were several factors) contributed


could


a factor (i.e., there were other factors)


– seems


Exercise D


These questions require students to ‘infer’ information – that is, understand what is not directly stated.


Set for individual work and pairwork checking. Feed back with the whole class, making sure that students understand the answers.


Answers Model answers: 1 It began in Canada in the early 1990s.


2 It aims to provide the best level of patient care possible.


3 Getting it to the point of patient care. The task of getting evidence to the doctor when decisions are being made on patient care is described as the ultimate problem.


4 No, because Glasziou (2005) suggests that doctors may choose to ignore this information.


5 Yes. Where clinical staff are encouraged to find and evaluate evidence for themselves, the guidelines are more likely to be effective.


6 No. In contrast to the creation of systematic reviews, they are added quickly.


Exercise E


Set for individual work and pairwork checking. Feed back with the whole class. Point out that these phrases are very important in academic writing and will help to determine whether something is a fact or an opinion – an important aspect of reading comprehension. They are also used by writers in developing their arguments for or against a particular point of view.


Answers Model answers:


It is generally agreed that the term evidence-based medicine (EBM) emerged in 1991 ...


Most practitioners seem to agree that best practice is desirable ...


... the literature suggests that there are enormous barriers to introducing evidence-based medicine into clinical practice.


C T T


Evidence from the literature indicates that the most important of these barriers is the difficulty of identifying the best treatment for any given condition. T


It is clear that systematic reviews which gather together and evaluate all the evidence on a clinical topic can help overcome this tremendous problem.


C


The consensus is that systematic reviews which use only randomized control trials are a 'gold standard' of evidence in terms of the effectiveness of treatments. C


Some writers have suggested that there are two approaches to implementing evidence-based medicine in a hospital.


T


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