Language note
Clearly, in this text, there are also relative pronouns which refer back to previously mentioned nouns in relative clauses. However, the grammar of relative pronouns is not covered here. This is a complex area of written language. The reference words here are commonly found and arguably students should be able to use them in their writing. There are, of course, various other ways to refer back to a word or idea, such as when comparing: the former … the latter …; some … others …. For more information on this, see a good grammar reference book.
Exercise D
1–3Set for individual work and pairwork. Feed back. Discuss any differences of opinion in question 2 and allow alternative groupings, with reasonable justifications. Establish that not all verbs have equivalents.
Used when the writer …
accept agree argue assert cite
claim
concede consider contend describe disagree dispute
emphasize illustrate indicate insist note
observe
point out report show state
suggest
that that that that
+ noun that that that that
how; + noun
that; with + noun + noun that
how; + noun that that that that that that that that
that; + gerund
(reluctantly) thinks this idea from someone else is true thinks this idea from someone else is true
is giving an opinion that others may not agree with is giving an opinion that others may not agree with is referring to someone else’s ideas
is giving an opinion that others may not agree with reluctantly thinks this idea from someone else is true is giving his/her opinion
is giving an opinion that others may not agree with is giving a description thinks an idea is wrong thinks an idea is wrong
is giving his/her opinion strongly
is explaining, possibly with an example is explaining, possibly with an example
is giving an opinion that others may not agree with is giving his/her opinion is giving his/her opinion is giving his/her opinion is giving research findings
is explaining, possibly with an example is giving his/her opinion
is giving his/her opinion tentatively; or is giving his/her recommendation
4 Discuss this with the whole class, building the table in the Answers section. Point out to students that the choice of introductory verb for a direct or indirect quote or a paraphrase or summary will reveal what they think about the sources. This is an important way in which, when writing essays, students can show a degree of criticality about their sources. Critically evaluating other writers’ work is an important part of academic assignments, dissertations and theses.
Point out also that some verbs have a degree of markedness, that is, extra meaning or connotation (as in the final column).
Answers Possible answers:
2 accept, agree, concede argue, assert, claim, contend, insist consider, note, observe, point out, state disagree, dispute illustrate, indicate, show
3/4 See table below.
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