nouns, or the last two nouns. In other cases, the pattern is adjective + noun + noun, in which the second and third words make a compound, or noun + adjective + noun, in which the first and second words make a compound. These patterns should become clear once the meaning is understood.
1 Discuss human tissue act with the class as an example. Elicit that in this context it means UK legislation governing all aspects of the use of human tissues in research. Set the remaining phrases for individual work and pairwork discussion. Feed back with the whole class, writing each phrase on the board and underlining the words which make a compound noun.
2 Tell students to try to identify where the main stress should come in each phrase. The key to this is finding the two- or three-word compound which is at the base of the three-word phrase. The stress will normally fall in the same place as if this two-word compound was said without the third word. Demonstrate this with human tissue act. The two- word compound here is not tissue act but human tissue. This is a noun + noun compound, so the rules say this will normally be stressed on the first noun 'human tissue. The main stress remains in its original place when the third word is added.
Tell students only to identify the syllable on which the heaviest stress in the phrase falls. (See also Language note.)
Answers Model answers: The basic compound is underlined in each case.
'human tissue act
'patient identifiable information
UK legislation governing all aspects of the use of human tissues in research.
Any information which allows
the patient to be identified. This could include their name, date of birth, address, video or photograph and there are also other possibilities.
'patient information sheet
In the context of research, it
is a sheet setting out the main aims and methods of the research and all the implications for the patient both in terms of the benefits and the potential risks.
statistical 'data sets
Data sets (e.g., relating to a particular condition) in which patient identifiable information is removed and only the data on the condition remains. However, in certain situations it is possible that individuals could be identified from data sets if the size of the set is small enough.
198 Language note
Although in most noun–noun compounds the main stress comes on the first element, there are some compounds where this is not true. Definitive pronunciation of compounds can be found in a good pronunciation dictionary.
Exercise C
Refer students to web page A on page 91 of the Course Book. Set for pair or small group discussion.
target 'patient group
The patient group which the drug or intervention is aimed at (e.g., patients over 60 with enlarged prostates).
Language note
Stress placement, especially in complex compound noun phrases, is notoriously unstable. There will be apparent exceptions to the rules explained in Exercise A. For example, in target patient group (noun + compound noun) the brain appears to see target as an adjective rather than a noun.
Stress may often move, depending on the context: for example, bad-'tempered – but bad-tempered 'teacher. It’s also possible that some native speakers may not agree about some of the phrases above. The main point is to try to notice where the main stresses fall.
≤Exercise B
Set for individual work and pairwork checking. Tell students that although in some cases it will be possible to make a phrase with more than one option, they must use each word once, and they must use all the words.
Feed back with the whole class. Check that the meaning of the phrases is understood. Check pronunciation.
Answers Model answers:
clinical data
health
multi-centre preclinical proposed public
societal study/trial
justification/benefits protection status
study/trial testing
trial/study interest benefits outcome
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