Exercise D


Refer students to page 99 of the Course Book, which gives the findings for Report B. Tell students that the discussion section of a report is where they can give their opinions on their findings. They should write a paragraph using the ideas they discussed in Exercise C. Set for individual work.


Answers Possible answers: Discussion


It is clear is that there are a number of ethical principles which need to be considered in relation to these issues. Perhaps the most important of these is autonomy. Many of these patients are unable to speak English very well and are not literate, even in their own language. Culturally they are accustomed to making decisions as a family rather than individually. In addition, because in many non-Western cultures it is traditional for the family to be told the prognosis rather than the individual, they may not be aware that they have a disease and that they could benefit from participating in a trial.


See also the discussion paragraph in the model report (Resource 12E in the additional resources section), which has a few extra ideas.


Closure


1 Ask students to finish the model reports from Lesson 12.4, i.e.:


 the discussion and conclusion sections of report A (the questionnaire survey of ethnic minority and non-ethnic minority patients).


 the introduction section of report B (the literature search notes on perceptions of patients from ethnic minorities on participation in clinical trials).


After completing the work, students can compare their reports with the models (Resources 12D and 12E in the additional resources section).


If you wish, students could use the search terms, or alternatives, to search PubMed and Google themselves.


 ethnic minority  participate  clinical trial


2 Ask students to work out the original questions used in the patient survey.


First, suggest some question types for questionnaires. Elicit the following:


 yes/no  multiple choice  open-ended


Tell students to concentrate on the yes/no or multiple choice types (open-ended questions will elicit qualitative information which is often hard to analyze) and to look at the data in Figures 1 and 2 and the sample Findings paragraph. They should try to formulate the actual questions given in the patient survey questionnaire.


Set for pairwork. Feed back with the whole class, writing examples of good questions up on the board. Refer to the model questionnaire in the additional resources section (Resource 12F).


Set a research report based on a questionnaire survey for homework. Students can use the ideas they have already discussed in this unit. They should carry out a literature review to ensure that they have covered all the main issues. They should then write questionnaires to address these issues and write up a report outlining any difficulties they found in doing so.


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