3 BASIC PRINCIPLES IN MEDICINE


to look at today – anatomy. So, while physiology deals with the functions of the body, human anatomy is the science of structure within the body and the relationship of those structures to each other. More precisely, we’ll look at how we describe the positioning of the different regions of the body, as well as the relations between them.


≤Exercise B Refer students to lecture slides 1 and 2. 1 Ask students to discuss. Do not confirm or correct. 2 Feed back orally.


3 Set for pairwork discussion then individual work. Feed back.


Answers Possible answers: 1 Slide 1 shows the anatomical position.


2 Slide 2 shows the positioning of the regions of the body.


3 The best way is probably to write 1-2 then the two key words in the left-hand column.


≤Exercise C


Play Part 2 of the lecture. Ask students to complete a table adding a simple diagram to help them remember the positioning. You may wish to go through an example as a group first. When students have done their best individually, put them in pairs or small groups to complete their notes by asking for information from the other student(s).


Answers Model answers:


Anatomical position Body: • standing erect • facing observer • head level • eyes facing forward


• feet flat on the floor, pointing forward


• hands at sides, palms facing forwards


Transcript ≤1.18 Part 2


The language used in anatomy is very precise, so that the location of specific parts of the body in relation to each other can be indicated quickly and clearly. When describing body parts it is taken for granted that the body is positioned in a standard way, known as the anatomical position. We can see this very clearly in the first slide. When a body is in the anatomical position it is standing erect, facing the observer. The head is level and the eyes are facing forward. Feet are flat on the floor, pointing forward and the hands are at the sides with the palms facing forward. This standard position means that the relationship between the different parts of the body is always the same.


≤Exercise D


1 Refer students to lecture slides 3 and 4. For slide 4, encourage students to tell you the purpose of dividing the body into sections as shown in the slide. Ask: How do you think this might help a doctor?


2 Set for pairwork. Play Part 3 of the lecture. As before, give students time to do their own work, then set for pair or group completion.


Answers Model answer:


1/2 Slide 3 shows the positioning of organs in the chest area. Slide 4 shows the anatomical planes of the body.


Transcript ≤1.19 Part 3


How then do we describe the body in anatomical terms? Looking at slide 2, we can see it is divided into five main regions. These are the head, neck, trunk, upper limbs and lower limbs. The divisions between the regions are fairly straightforward. The neck attaches the head to the trunk. The trunk is made up of the chest, abdomen and pelvis. The upper limbs are attached to the trunk. So that’s head connected by the neck to the trunk, and the upper limbs connected to the trunk. The upper limbs consist of the shoulders, arms, forearms, wrists and hands. These elements are on either side, of course. So that’s the upper limbs. The lower limbs attach to the trunk at the groin and are made up of the buttocks, legs, ankles and feet.


OK. We’ve seen the five main regions and the


descriptions of the regions, but as we mentioned before it is important to be able to describe the relationship between the various body parts.


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