54 PRESERVATIVES
not only a cost saving to the production- process, but also a labour and time-saving element during formulation.
Sensory testing Several finished product formulations have been sensory tested by an external group of volunteers. In one example, seven male and seven female volunteers were given two bars of soap to test blind. One bar contained 2% of AV 406 and the other was without AV406; aside from this, the formulations were identical (Table 5). The volunteers were unaware of which
formulation contained AV 406. Without prompting, 64% of people described their hands as feeling ‘soft’ or ‘smooth’ after using the AV 406 soap bar and 21% of people commented that the soap bar without AV 406 did not lather as well as the soap bar with 2% AV 406. A second ongoing study is blind testing
three liquid shampoos. One of these is a well-known leading brand in the UK against two in-house formulations of shampoos containing 0.5% and 1.0% AV 406. Consumer testing has provided evidence and confidence that the properties of AV 406 are not only present on a laboratory scale but are significantly noticeable in the end product.
Foaming studies To probe the surfactant properties, an aqueous solution of sodium lauroyl lactylate was compared with sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) using Ross Miles foaming test apparatus in accordance with the ASTM D 1173 test standard. The Ross Miles test is a tried and tested
foaming test method in which a solution of surfactant (200 mL) is dropped from 90 cm onto an identical solution (50 mL). This generates foam, whose height can be measured in millimetres at 60, 180 and 300 seconds. The results given were obtained using standard Ross Miles Foam apparatus purchased from Avantor and VWR, with no modifications. Three solutions were compared; these were
10% active level AV 406, 10% active level of SLS and 9% active level of SLS with 1% active level of AV 406. The percentage increase in foam height is shown in Figure 4. In five minutes, AV 406 is shown to give greater foam height and increased stability than SLS. This trend is replicated in the case where 1% SLS was replaced with AV 406, giving a
INCI Name
Ricinus Communis Seed Oil Cocos Nucifera Oil Aqua
Prunus Amygdalus Dulcis Oil Sodium Hydroxide
Lavandula Angustifolia Oil Aevum Vita 406 Algae Extract
Sodium Stearate PERSONAL CARE July 2022
Figure 2: Anti-dandruff shampoo bar developed
Figure 3: Anti-bacterial hand soap containing AV 406
significant increase in percentage foam height. This demonstrates the potential for AV 406 to act as a co-surfactant to boost foam height and stability.
Conclusion AV 406 has been proven to hold antimicrobial efficacy as low as 0.5% in a wide range of liquid and solid formulations. In addition, adding AV 406 to surfactant solutions has been shown to increase foamability,
TABLE 5: FORMULATION FOR AV 406 SOAP BAR USED IN CONSUMER TESTING
w/w % 21 21
19-21 22.5 13
0.5
0-2 0.5 0.5
9.0 8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0
specifically in terms of foam volume and stability. This has not only been proven for the surfactant solution, but also in sensory testing in the form of soap bars where volunteers noted an increase in lather. Moreover, perhaps the most interesting
property of AV 406 lays in its antimicrobial efficacy against M. furfur, at exceptionally low dosages and active content. AV 406 has been compared to market leaders for anti-dandruff agents and has shown equal performance.
7.5% 6.6% 3.8% 1.8% 0 100 200 Time (seconds) Figure 4: Ross Miles foaming test results
www.personalcaremagazine.com 300 400 4.4% 8.2%
PC
■ AV 406 (10%) vs SLS (10%)
■ SLS/AV 406 (9:1)Mix vs SLS (10%)
Percentage difference (%)
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