Fosas in Madagascar’s deciduous forests 833


TABLE 3 Landscape single-season occupancy models for fosa, cat and dog, including all best performing, uncorrelated covariates. Model data were from camera-trap surveys conducted in Ankarafantsika National Park and Andranomena Special Reserve, Madagascar (Fig. 1) during 2014–2015.


Model Fosa


Covariate1 (Intercept)


Trail width


Cat trap success GFC20


Total edge


Total core area Village distance Dog trap success Lemur trap success Water distance Road distance


Cat


Bird trap success (Intercept) Trail width


Bird trap success Civet trap success VCF


Forest distance Drainage


Dog


Zebu trap success Water distance Pig trap success Road distance Total core area (Intercept) Trail width


Civet trap success Lemur trap success Zebu trap success Forest distance


Landscape patch index Forest: old-growth Forest: savannah VCF


Number of patches Trail: game Trail: MNP


Trail: disused logging Trail: local


Estimate 1.023


−0.331 −0.915 −0.986 −0.542 −0.658


SE


0.252 0.891


−0.352 0.138


−0.071 −0.262


−0.615 −0.664


1.080 0.012


0.434 0.082 0.111 0.030 0.336 0.654 0.048


−0.092 17.252


0.459 2.682 2.578 1.336


−0.472 −0.973 −8.321 −6.867


0.414 0.281 0.429 0.895 0.505 0.383 0.406 0.585 0.303 0.302 0.496 0.353 0.593 0.228


−0.325 −0.374


0.273 0.482 0.355 0.340 0.274 0.536 0.263


−0.257 18.983


0.575 5.059 6.223 2.638 1.152 0.875


1.588


−1.498 7.043


−4.115 3.699


−4.241


12.923 13.027 1.232 1.102


152.808 13.577 65.202 13.580


z 2.471


−1.177 −2.134 −1.102 −1.074 −1.719


P (.|z|) 0.014


0.621 1.524


−1.160 0.456


−0.143 −0.741


1.823 0.050 1.892 0.483 1.588 0.171 0.314 0.088 1.227 1.219 0.181 0.359 0.909 0.798 0.530 0.414 0.506


−0.410 −1.111 −0.644 −0.527


1.289


−1.359 0.046


−0.303 0.057


−0.312


0.239 0.033 0.271 0.283 0.086 0.534 0.127 0.246 0.648 0.887 0.459 0.068 0.960 0.059 0.629 0.112 0.865 0.754 0.930 0.220 0.223 0.857 0.720 0.363 0.425 0.596 0.679 0.613 0.682 0.266 0.520 0.598 0.197 0.174 0.963 0.762 0.955 0.755


1Trail width, mean trail width (m); Trap success (cat, dog, lemur, bird, civet, zebu, pig), species encounter rates (total detections/total sampling days × 100); GFC20, % global forest cover at 20% threshold level (30 m resolution); Total edge, sum of all edge segments in camera-trap buffer; Total core area, in each patch (m2); Village/Water/Road/Forest distance, mean distance (m) to nearest village/water source/road/forest edge; VCF, vegetation continuous field (% forest cover at 250 m resolution); Drainage, mean distance (m) to nearest drainage point (lowest point of elevation); Landscape patch index (% of landscape in the largest patch); Forest, forest classification (old-growth, degraded, savannah); Number of patches, number of patches of a class type; Trail: game, game trail; Trail: MNP, Madagascar National Park trail; Trail: disused logging, disused logging trail; Trail: local, trail actively used by local people.


spread of disease, such as toxoplasmosis (Pomerantz et al., 2016; Rasambainarivo et al., 2017), between exotic species, fosas and their prey is of concern, potentially imperilling the health of the fosa population in the long term.


Effect of exotic species on fosa occupancy


Cats had the strongest negative association with fosa occu- pancy. It is widely acknowledged that cats have a negative


impact on native wildlife through predation, competition, hy- bridization and disease (Medina et al., 2011). In Madagascar predation on endemic species by cats has been reported (Sauther, 1989; Goodman et al., 1993;Brockmanetal., 2008), and inAndranomena Special Reserve catswere photographed with a red-fronted brown lemur Eulemur rufus and speckled hognose snake Leioheterodon geayi (Plate 1). In our study the number of cats recorded was negatively associated with bird presence, a relationship reported previously in


Oryx, 2020, 54(6), 828–836 © 2019 Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S003060531800100X


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