824 J. C. Tinsman et al.


TABLE 1 Presence/absence of lemurs and threats to their survival recorded in surveys of forest fragments in Madagascar (Figs 2 & 3) conducted during 2015–2017.


Forest fragment 1


2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9


10 11 12 13 14 15 16


17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27


28 29


Ambavanambahatra Ambodimanga


Ambodivoahangy Ambohitsara Ampapanabe Analafady Andokobe


Andranomatavy Angodrahely Ankazomena


Antsahabilahy A Antsahabilahy B Befalafa


Bekiritsana Bemabaza Beraty


Bevazimba


Bongomirahavavy Galoko


Kalobinono Kapany Lokobe


Mahadera


Maherivaratra A Maherivaratra B Mandriranabe Manongarivo2


Nosy Komba


Year 2016


2015 2015 2016 2015 2015 2015 2015 2017 2016 2015 2015 2015 2015 2015 2015


2016 2015 2015 2015 2015 2015 2016 2015 2016 2015 2015


2015 Sahamalaza (Ankarafa) 2015 Location


Protected area1


13°58′1.74″S, 48°26′3.16″E MNP 14°14′21.12″S, 48°2′15.36″E


14°8′22.56″S, 48°22′57.00″E MNP 14°3′36.70″S, 48°18′7.00″E MNP 14°5′28.68″S, 48°10′40.08″E 14°6′5.76″S, 48°8′39.48″E 14°3′57.24″S, 48°12′1.02″E


13°39′59.37″S, 47°59′15.87″E NGO 14°16′14.88″S, 48°2′47.40″E


13°55′20.86″S, 48°27′21.13″E MNP 14°8′24.00″S, 48°15′25.56″E 14°7′53.40″S, 48°14′41.50″E


13°56′9.24″S, 48°27′10.80″E MNP 13°55′45.37″S, 48°27′35.71″E MNP 14°5′42.72″S, 48°10′59.16″E


14°1′57.72″S, 48°16′42.24″E MNP


Eulemur species


E. fulvus


E. flavifrons E. fulvus


E. macaco E. macaco E. macaco E. flavifrons E. macaco E. flavifrons


E. macaco E. macaco E. macaco


E. macaco, E. fulvus


E. macaco E. macaco E. macaco E. macaco E. macaco E. macaco E. flavifrons


E. macaco, E. fulvus


14°23′05.60″S, 47°45′56.90″E MNP


E. macaco E. flavifrons


Traps or evi- dence of hunting Tavy


No Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No Yes No


14°4′21.36″S, 48°17′15.36″ENo 13°45′48.06″S, 48°5′29.44″E NGO 13°35′25.55″S, 48°43′0.45″E NGO 13°40′53.70″S, 48°36′17.13″E NGO 14°5′46.32″S, 48°3′17.28″E MNP 13°23′33.68″S, 48°20′29.13″E MNP 14°6′37.80″S, 48°3′6.12″E 14°8′33.72″S, 48°16′23.52″E 14°7′4.44″S, 48°15′58.32″E 14°5′42.00″S, 48°10′41.16″E


E. flavifrons No E. macaco


13°58′21.00″S, 48°25′46.92″E MNP 13°26′38.70″S, 48°20′50.38″E


Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes


Yes No


No Yes


2MNP, protected area managed by Madagascar National Parks; NGO, protected area managed by the Missouri Botanical Garden. 2E. macaco and E. fulvus were resting together in the same tree.


Tsimihety people (Wilson, 1971; Feeley-Harnik, 1980), who consume primates (Golden & Comaroff, 2015). Given the level of habitat exploitation and hunting we


observed in this region we suggest a multifaceted approach to conserving both species, as well as protecting the remain- ing forest fragments. In the near term additional surveys are needed to estimate population numbers accurately (Salmona et al., 2014), evaluate habitat quality in these frag- ments (Irwin et al., 2005) and assess the impact the various threats reported here have had on E. flavifrons and E.macaco (Rakotonirina et al., 2011; Ravaloharimanitra et al., 2011). In general, we observed fewer threats to lemurs in areas


managed by Madagascar National Parks than in those managed by NGOs (Table 1); however, this dichotomy is confounded by a few factors. Well-protected sites within Manongarivo Special Reserve had one of two factors in their favour: frequent park staff presence or steep terrain unsuitable for rice cultivation or cattle ranching. All NGO-managed


protected areas we visited were closer to human settlements, arable, and unpatrolled by enforcement authorities. The newly reported population of E. flavifrons is in


relatively accessible forest, but park patrols or on-site staff would help protect these animals. These options would be a possibility if the previously proposed expansion of Manongarivo Special Reserve happens (MEFT & MEM, 2008). This expansion would include the newly identified populations of E. flavifrons reported here and the largest block of suitable forest remaining for this species (Fig. 3). However, increasing the size of the Reserve will not


achieve protection for these lemurs until the ongoing pro- blems at its current borders are addressed (Gardner et al., 2018). The remote, low-lying areas in and south of the Reserve, including Ambodivoahangy and the proposed area of expansion, are experiencing ongoing forest loss, and the tavy and poaching we report here have been a problem for the Reserve since at least 2010 (MEF & MNP, 2010).


Oryx, 2020, 54(6), 819–827 © 2019 Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S0030605318000868


No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes No


Yes No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No


No Yes


Page 1  |  Page 2  |  Page 3  |  Page 4  |  Page 5  |  Page 6  |  Page 7  |  Page 8  |  Page 9  |  Page 10  |  Page 11  |  Page 12  |  Page 13  |  Page 14  |  Page 15  |  Page 16  |  Page 17  |  Page 18  |  Page 19  |  Page 20  |  Page 21  |  Page 22  |  Page 23  |  Page 24  |  Page 25  |  Page 26  |  Page 27  |  Page 28  |  Page 29  |  Page 30  |  Page 31  |  Page 32  |  Page 33  |  Page 34  |  Page 35  |  Page 36  |  Page 37  |  Page 38  |  Page 39  |  Page 40  |  Page 41  |  Page 42  |  Page 43  |  Page 44  |  Page 45  |  Page 46  |  Page 47  |  Page 48  |  Page 49  |  Page 50  |  Page 51  |  Page 52  |  Page 53  |  Page 54  |  Page 55  |  Page 56  |  Page 57  |  Page 58  |  Page 59  |  Page 60  |  Page 61  |  Page 62  |  Page 63  |  Page 64  |  Page 65  |  Page 66  |  Page 67  |  Page 68  |  Page 69  |  Page 70  |  Page 71  |  Page 72  |  Page 73  |  Page 74  |  Page 75  |  Page 76  |  Page 77  |  Page 78  |  Page 79  |  Page 80  |  Page 81  |  Page 82  |  Page 83  |  Page 84  |  Page 85  |  Page 86  |  Page 87  |  Page 88  |  Page 89  |  Page 90  |  Page 91  |  Page 92  |  Page 93  |  Page 94  |  Page 95  |  Page 96  |  Page 97  |  Page 98  |  Page 99  |  Page 100  |  Page 101  |  Page 102  |  Page 103  |  Page 104  |  Page 105  |  Page 106  |  Page 107  |  Page 108  |  Page 109  |  Page 110  |  Page 111  |  Page 112  |  Page 113  |  Page 114  |  Page 115  |  Page 116  |  Page 117  |  Page 118  |  Page 119  |  Page 120  |  Page 121  |  Page 122  |  Page 123  |  Page 124  |  Page 125  |  Page 126  |  Page 127  |  Page 128  |  Page 129  |  Page 130  |  Page 131  |  Page 132  |  Page 133  |  Page 134  |  Page 135  |  Page 136  |  Page 137  |  Page 138  |  Page 139  |  Page 140  |  Page 141  |  Page 142  |  Page 143  |  Page 144  |  Page 145  |  Page 146  |  Page 147  |  Page 148  |  Page 149  |  Page 150  |  Page 151  |  Page 152  |  Page 153  |  Page 154  |  Page 155  |  Page 156  |  Page 157  |  Page 158  |  Page 159  |  Page 160  |  Page 161  |  Page 162  |  Page 163  |  Page 164