Lemur conservation updates 825
These incursions are in part because of the lack of boundary markers around the Reserve and the difficulty of patrolling remote areas. Additional funding to address these concerns, coupled with increased researcher presence in this region, would help to deter deforestation (Seiler et al., 2010; Campera et al., 2017). Poaching is probably driven by the lack of readily available protein in this region; we saw chil- dren with kwashiorkor in several of the towns we visited south of the Reserve. In Madagascar domestic meats are generally preferred to bushmeat, and therefore providing chickens or fish stocks to these communities could reduce the poaching pressure on lemurs (Jenkins et al., 2011). We propose expanding the community-based conser-
vation education initiative of the Association Européenne pour l’Étude et la Conservation des Lémuriens, which in- creases local support for conservation by teaching .2,000 students on the Sahamalaza Peninsula about E. flavifrons, the Association’s flagship species (Randriatahina, 2013). We suggest expanding the programme westwards to include the communities near the newly discovered population of E. flavifrons, as well as incorporating aspects of community- based monitoring into the initiative. Community monitor- ing schemes have been established elsewhere in Madagas- car to engage local people in forest management and the collection of species abundance and demographic data (Rakotonirina et al., 2011; Ravaloharimanitra et al., 2011). Such a programmewould promote conservation (Ratsimba- zafy, 2003), foster positive attitudes towards the environ- ment (Balestri et al., 2017), and reduce hunting in and around the Reserve (Nadhurou et al., 2017). Continued surveying of Critically Endangered species
such as E. flavifrons is vital for establishing range distribu- tions and identifying anthropogenic pressures on taxa living in increasingly fragmented forests. However, our research and future work should serve as a foundation for urgent, practical efforts to conserve these species. We hope that the identification of new EOOs and AOOs for two priority lemur species, and the threats facing them, will help the Association Européenne pour l’Étude et la Conservation des Lémuriens and community stakeholders as they collaborate to protect the few remaining populations of E. flavifrons and E. macaco.
Acknowledgements We thank George Amato, Christoph Schwitzer, the Madagascar Institute for the Conservation of Tropical Environments, and the University of Antananarivo for their support; Tegan Carney, Bruno Ramorasata, Tsimba, Rajaonilazatheophile Solonjatovolaza, Sylviane Volampeno, Jess Williams, and the numer- ous field guides, volunteers and community leaders who made this work possible; and the anonymous reviewers for their comments. This project was funded by the Alpkit Foundation, the American Society of Mammalogists, Association Européene pour l’Étude et la Conservation des Lémuriens, Conservation International and the Margot Marsh Biodiversity Foundation, the Explorers Club Mamont Scholars Program, Gesellschaft fur Primatologie, IDEA WILD, the John Muir Trust, the Nacey Maggioncalda Foundation, the National
Science Foundation, the New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, Primate Conservation, Inc., and the Rufford Foundation.
Author contributions Field surveys: CLE, JCT, JRR, JSS; literature review, generation of new EOOs and AOOs: JCT; writing: CLE, JCT; research supervision of CLE: MH and GM.
Conflicts of interest None.
Ethical standards This research abided by the Oryx guidelines on ethical standards. Permission to conduct this research was obtained from the Ministère de l’Environnement et des Forêts and Madagascar National Parks (Permit No.50/15/MEEF/SG/DGF/
DCB.SAP/SCB, No.286/15MEEMF/SG/DGF/DAPT/SCBT, No.55/16/MEEMF/SG/ DGFDAPT/SCBT, No.76/16/ MEEMF/SG/DGFDAPT/SCBT, and No.64/17/MEEF/SG/DGF/DSAP/SCB). This project received Institu- tional Animal Care and Use Committee approval from Columbia University and the University of Bristol.Wecomplied with all relevant U.S. and Malagasy laws during this project.
References
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Oryx, 2020, 54(6), 819–827 © 2019 Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S0030605318000868
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