876 P. Singh et al.
FIG. 3 The effect of (a) sambar Rusa unicolor encounter frequency, (b) forest department staff encounter frequency, (c) distance to reserve boundary, and (d) other human encounter frequency on the probability of site-use by dholes in Dampa Tiger Reserve during December 2014–March 2015. Grey lines indicate 95% confidence intervals.
persistence of dholes there. Our findings re-emphasize the importance of protected areas, which can serve as source sites for sustaining dhole populations across the region. In areas with low prey densities, carnivores may have significant dependence on livestock (Khorozyan et al., 2015), and are consequently stigmatized. There is a strong negative relationship between dholes and livestock owners in Arunachal Pradesh (Mishra et al., 2004; Lyngdoh et al., 2014) and other locations in the region. Given that dholes also occur outside protected areas in this region, they are po- tentially vulnerable to retributory killing. Negative interac- tions between people and dholes necessitate interventions to reduce poaching and facilitate recovery of prey, especially for species such as sambar that are impacted by low recovery rates following prolonged poaching (Steinmetz et al., 2009). Our findings need to be augmented with a systematic survey across the locations we identified, specifically in the states of Mizoram and Nagaland, to facilitate a pan-north-east India strategy for dhole conservation.
Acknowledgements We thank Pu Liandawla for granting us permission to work in Dampa Tiger Reserve, Pu Laltlanhlua and Pu Lalrinmawia for administrative and logistic support, Nandita Hazarika, Ecosystem-India, and Alexandra Zimmerman, WildCRU and Chester Zoo, for coordinating and administering this study, Assistant Conservator of Forest Pu Vanlalrema, Range Officer Pu Vanlalbera, D. Barman, K. Lalthanpuia and others for field support, theRobertson Foundation for a grant toDWMfor funding the camera- trap study, and the Editor and two anonymous reviewers for feedback. AS was supported by the University of Florida, Wildlife Conservation Society’s Christensen Conservation Leaders Scholarship, andWildlife Conservation Network’s Sidney Byers Fellowship.
Author contributions Conception: PS, AS, DWM; data collection: PS; data analysis: PS, AS; writing: all authors, lead by PS.
Conflicts of interest None.
Ethical standards This research abided by the Oryx guidelines on ethical standards. Data on presence records were obtained from published literature, media reports, and a network of researchers and naturalists who agreed to share information. All necessary research permits for camera-trap surveys were obtained from the State Forest Department of Mizoram.
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