Priority areas for jaguar conservation 863
jaguar conservation units in the Cerrado may prevent genetic losses in this biome. The Cerrado eastern corridor, which encompasses the
largest jaguar conservation units, is particularly threatened because it lies in the new soybean frontier referred to as MaToPiBa, a region with cheap land, which accounted for 10% of Brazilian soybean production during 2011–2012 (Reynolds, 2012). We recommend that actions listed in Table 4, such as the creation of new strictly protected areas and corridors, be implemented as soon as possible to preserve jaguar conservation units in these regions (Moraes, 2012; Desbiez et al., 2013). We also recommend the creation of new protected areas and corridors for those jaguar conservation units in areas for which the Brazilian government has no suggested actions. The Cerrado has 8.2% of its territory protected but,3%
is within strictly protected areas (MMA, 2016). Many of the jaguar conservation units are in regions where the govern- ment has recommended the creation of new strictly pro- tected areas, which would alleviate threats to the jaguar’s survival and habitat. Some jaguar conservation units are in regions where the government advocates the creation of sus- tainable-use protected areas (MMA, 2015), where jaguars could persist with adequate sustainable use, proper manage- ment and controlled land-cover
change.However, half of the sustainable-use protected areas in the Cerrado are in the cat- egory ‘environmentally protected areas’ (IUCN category V), which allows agriculture, pastures and other human uses and considers biodiversity conservation a secondary aim(Rylands &Brandon, 2005). Although other types of sustainable-use protected areas could be adequate for jaguar conservation because of lower human occupation and habitat impact (Rylands & Brandon, 2005), environmentally protected areas may not be the best type for jaguar conservation. This cate- gory may include a negligible portion of natural habitat, aswell as threats to jaguars, including vehicular traffic, poach- ing and habitat fragmentation (Vynne et al., 2011;Morato et al., 2013). Jaguar conservation could be feasible in protected areas of this category if their management plans alleviated these threats and specified areas with restricted use. Less than 1% of the jaguar conservation units we identi-
fied in the Cerrado are within strictly protected areas, and therefore we recommend new protected areas should be created to improve the conservation of jaguars in this biome and at a continental scale. The expansion of protected areas coupled with political actions, including law enforce- ment, could slow the rate of deforestation, protecting native habitats (Nepstad et al., 2014) and other species. The Cerrado has 430 threatened faunal species (ICMBIO, 2014), including large mammals that are jaguar prey (e.g. Tayassu pecari and Myrmecophaga tridactyla; Astete et al., 2008). Maintaining jaguar conservation units, and connect- ivity between them, could contribute to the conservation of biodiversity at all levels.
Acknowledgments We thank the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development for a PhD scholarship to MPP (Proc. 141266/2013-9) and productivity scholarships to CMJ (Proc. 305403/2013-3), FHGR (Proc. 306695/2015-4), KMPMBF (Proc. 308503/2014-7) and RGM (301652/2015-5), the National Predator Research Center, Chico Mendes Biodiversity Conservation Institute, the collaborators of the National Conservation Action Plan for the Jaguar, the SISBIO database, Rafael Aarão, José Roberto Moreira, Marina Motta Carvalho and Leo Caetano for providing jaguar records, Milton Ribeiro for methodological advice, and Thiago Vieira and Carol Couto for updating the land-cover map.
Author contributions Research lead, writing: MPP; technical ad- vice, writing, revision: RGM, KMPMBF, FHGR, CMJ.
Conflicts of interest None.
Ethical standards This research abided by the Oryx Code of Conduct.
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Oryx, 2020, 54(6), 854–865 © 2019 Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S0030605318000972
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