Sulawesi’s apex predator 881
Nani Wartabone National Park and Tangkoko Nature Reserve (previous records were from tracks and scats). Amongst the other forest patches surveyed, the Sulawesi civet was recorded in primary (1/11) and secondary forest (1/24) inside Gunung Ambang Nature Reserve, and the Malay civet fromsecondary forest (3/14) and open land (1/4). Despite the relatively lownumber of records, our data re-
veal diverse habitat use by the Sulawesi civet (Wemmer & Watling, 1986; Plate 1) and concur with Lee et al.’s(2003) observation that the species is not restricted by elevation or forest disturbance. Our results showed widespread pres- ence of the Sulawesi civet in Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park, with the single Malay civet record from a shrub-mixed dryland farm 11 km from the Park’s border. In its native range of Sumatra, Kalimantan, Malaysia, presumably Brunei, and probably introduced into the Philippines, the Malay civet occupies a variety of habitat types, such as encroached areas (Duckworth et al., 2016), and was more widespread in Tangkoko Nature Reserve than the Sulawesi civet, with both species recorded in the same forest patches between the two protected areas. Forest loss is a potential threat to the Sulawesi civet.During
2000–2015 forest cover declined by 2.2%inBoganiNani Wartabone National Park and 17.4%inTangkokoNature Reserve, with increased accessibility being the main explana- tory factor (WCS-EPASS, 2017). Roads and fragmented forest increase access for poachers. We released one Sulawesi civet from a snare trap, which was probably set for wild pigs. Bushmeat consumption is widespread in North Sulawesi
province.Amarket survey conducted by Lee et al. (2005) dur- ing 2002–2003 recorded 96,586 wild mammal specimens on sale, including the Sulawesi
civet.Nevertheless, newconserva- tion measures are being implemented in the protected areas that we studied, with ranger patrol teams and local informant networks, and lawenforcement agency partnerships have im- plemented an integrated site-based protection strategy since 2017. Camera trapping is nowbeing extended into neighbour- ingGorontalo province,which could provide additional infor- mation on the Sulawesi civet and help guide the conservation of this species.
Acknowledgements We are grateful to the Indonesian Ministry of Environment and Forestry, especially Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park and BKSDA-North Sulawesi staff for granting us field- work permission and supporting data collection, Fondation Segré, Rainforest Trust, Wildlife Reserves Singapore Conservation Fund, and UN Development Programme/Global Environmental Finance
Enhancing the Protected Area System in Sulawesi for supporting various parts of this work, and Jedediah Brodie for lending us camera traps.
Author contributions Study design: WP, IH, CJ, HH, ML; field- work: AP, CJ, RR; data analysis: AP, AC; writing: WP, ID, ML, IH, CJ.
Conflicts of interest None.
Ethical standards The research involved no human subjects, experi- mentation with animals and/or collection of specimens, and otherwise abided by the Oryx guidelines on ethical standards.
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