752 Anthony B. Rylands et al.
Louey National Protected Area in northern Lao, using an auditory sampling technique. This 5,950 km2 protected area is an important stronghold for the species. They re- corded, however, a population density that was low com- pared to other populations, which they attributed to hu- man disturbance and poor habitat quality. Once widespread, by the 1960s the cao vit gibbon Nomascus nasutus was thought to be extinct. It was, how- ever, rediscovered in 2002 on the border of China and Viet Nam. Ma et al. (2020) report on auditory surveys in 2007 and 2016 in the two protected areas where it occurs: the Bangliang Gibbon Nature Reserve in China and the Trung Khanh Cao Vit Gibbon Conservation Area in Viet Nam. The population had evidently slightly increased but is still only 20–22 groups and 107–136 individuals. Johnson et al. (2020) report on a range-wide survey
for the Critically Endangered Celebes crested macaque Macaca nigra on Sulawesi. Resource extraction and agricul- ture have resulted in the almost entire loss of its lowland habitat. The authors used camera traps in 111 localities to model the species’ occupancy in the remaining habitats, also mapping the environmental and anthropogenic factors that may correlate with absence or presence. They estimate the area of occupancy and extent of occurrence, provide an assessment of the species’ baseline status for future monitor- ing, and document previously unknown populations. Freire Filho et al. (2020) used prior surveys of the de-
pleted and patchy populations of theMaranhão red-handed howler Alouatta ululata in the dry forest of north-east Brazil to map potential habitat (a surrogate for occurrence) and anthropogenic variables, and identify areas where surveys are needed and where conservation measures would be most appropriate. Also in Brazil, Moraes et al. (2020) report on a similar exercise over a large swathe of the centre and north-east, examining the ranges of the bearded capuchin Sapajus libidinosus, blonde capuchin Sapajus flavius, and red-handed howler Alouatta belzebul. Their aim was to es- timate the potential area of occupancy within their extent of occurrence. They clearly show the considerable disparity of these two measures in extensive distributions over areas with widespread loss and wreckage of the natural vegetation of the tropical savannah—the Cerrado—of central Brazil, the Atlantic Forest, and the south-east of the Amazon basin, which is suffering as the so-called Arc ofDeforestation moves relentlessly north. Also in the Neotropics, McHugh et al. (2020) report
on their discovery of the yellow-tailed woolly monkey Lagothrix flavicauda in the Región Junín in the Peruvian Andes, extending the known range of this Critically En- dangered atelid by more than 200 km to the south. The authors emphasize the urgency of expanding the search for this species to previously neglected regions.
Tinsman et al. (2020) intended to map a purported hy-
brid zone between the black lemur Eulemur macaco and blue-eyed black lemur Eulemur flavifrons in northern Madagascar. There was no evidence of a hybrid zone, but they discovered that E. macaco’s range was smaller, and that of E. flavifrons larger, than previously thought. They evaluated threats from hunting and habitat loss, and the ef- fectiveness of the protected areas, and highlighted the need to update population estimates and expand initiatives with local communities. These eight field studies illustrate the immense value of range-wide surveys. They facilitate the collection of data fundamental for assessing a species’ conservation status and understanding the threats it is facing, and are vital for well-informed conservation strategies, in addition to their essential role in assessing and monitoring demographics and population trends (Rylands et al., 2008).
References
FREIRE FILHO,R.&PALMEIRIM, J.M. (2020) Potential distribution of and priority conservation areas for the Endangered Caatinga howler monkey Alouatta ululata in north-eastern Brazil. Oryx, 54, 794–802.
JOHNSON, C.L., HILSER, H., LINKIE, M., RAHASIA, R., ROVERO,F., PUSPARINI,
W.etal. (2020) Using occupancy-based camera-trap surveys to assess the Critically Endangered primate Macaca nigra across its range in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Oryx, 54, 784–793.
MA, C.-Y., TRINH-DINH, H., NGUYEN, V.-T., LE, T.-D., LE, V.-D., LE, H.-O. et al. (2020) Transboundary conservation of the last remaining population of the cao vit gibbon Nomascus nasutus. Oryx, 54, 776–783.
MCHUGH, S.M., CORNEJO, F.M.,MCKIBBEN, J., ZARATE, M., TELLO, C., JIMÉNEZ, C.F. & SCHMITT, C.A. (2020) First record of the Peruvian yellow-tailed woolly monkey Lagothrix flavicauda in the Región Junín, Peru. Oryx, 54, 814–818.
MITTERMEIER, R.A. (1977) A Global Strategy for Primate Conservation. Unpublished report. WWF, Washington, DC, USA.
MORAES, B., RAZGOUR, O., SOUZA-ALVES, J.P., BOUBLI, J.P. & BEZERRA,B. (2020) Habitat suitability for primate conservation in north-east Brazil. Oryx, 54, 803–813.
RYLANDS, A.B.,WILLIAMSON, E.A.,HOFFMANN,M.&MITTERMEIER, R.A. (2008) Primate surveys and conservation assessments. Oryx, 14, 313–314.
SYXAIYAKHAMTHOR, K., NGOPRASERT, D., ASENSIO,N.&SAVINI,T. (2020) Identifying priority areas for the conservation of the Critically Endangered northern white-cheeked gibbon Nomascus leucogenys in northern Lao. Oryx, 54, 767–775.
TINSMAN, J.C., ESCHMANN, C.L., SOLOFONDRANOHATRA, J.S., RALAINIRINA, J.R., HOLDERIED,M.&MCCABE,G. (2020) Range and conservation updates for the Critically Endangered blue-eyed black lemur Eulemur flavifrons and the Vulnerable black lemur Eulemur macaco. Oryx, 54, 819–827.
YANUAR, A., FEHSE, J., CHIVERS,D.& SUGARDJ ITO,J.(2020) New estimates of orangutan density in Sungai Palin watershed, Kapuas Hulu, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Oryx, 54, 763–766.
Oryx, 2020, 54(6), 751–752 © Fauna & Flora International 2020 doi:10.1017/S0030605320000939
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