830 S. D. Merson et al.


TABLE 1 Forest area and summary statistics of the camera-trap surveys conducted during 2014–2015 in Ankarafantsika National Park and Andranomena Special Reserve, Madagascar (Fig. 1), with the camera-trap station, landscape-level and species-level covariates (i.e. trap success) at each site.


Ankarafantsika National Park


Study site and survey summary Forest area (km2) Survey date


Camera-trap grid area (km2)


Mean no. of days camera traps deployed ± SD Total no. of camera-trap stations Mean station spacing (m)


Total camera-trap effort (nights)


Camera-trap level covariates1 Mean trail width (m)2,3,4 Forest type3 Trail type


Landscape-level covariates1 Mean distance to village (m)2


Mean distance to forest edge (m)3,4 Mean distance to road (m)2,4 GFC202,3,4 VCF1,2


Mean total edge (m)2


Mean total core area (m2)2,4 Mean no. of patches3


Mean landscape patch index3 Mean distance to water (m)2,4 Drainage (m)4


Mean elevation (m)


Trap success (number of species detections/total sampling days × 100) Fosa Cryptoprocta ferox Dog Canis lupus familiaris1 Cat Felis sp.1


Civet Viverricula indica2,3 Pig Potamochoerus larvatus3 Zebu Bos primigenius indicus2,3 Lemur (multiple sp.)1,2 Bird (multiple sp.)1,3 Human


1,350


79.14 ± 9.24 79


579.4 6,252


3.2


Various Various


1,616.9 357.5


1,471.9 75.3 49.5


2,921.9 30.3 7.7 1.9


2,127.1 3,348.8 146.3


3.6


13.7 3.4 1.2 1.8


18.9 0.3 3.2


104.8


(% forest cover at 250 m resolution; Drainage, mean distance (m) to nearest drainage point (lowest point of elevation). 2,3,4Indicates the best performing uncorrelated covariates included in the final fosa2, dog3 and cat4 occupancy models.


used as covariates. All detections within a 30-minute period were considered a single detection (Linkie & Ridout, 2011). A complete camera-trap day involved at least one of two cameras operating during the 24 hours. Capture histories for each species were created through the collapsing of individual days into 5-day periods, improving temporal independence and model convergence (Otis et al., 1978). Species-level covariates were the encounter rates of exotic animals and humans at each camera-trap station and were calculated by evaluating trap success (number of detections/ total days × 100) per species. Two survey covariates were included to account for detection probability: the site


surveyed (Site), and the number of days a station was active during each 5-day sampling period (Effort). Camera station-level covariates were included to assess


the impact of station geography. Trail width, trail type and forest type were included as they have been reported to be important metrics in fosa occupancy (Farris et al., 2015b). Trail width was estimated by averaging the width of the trail at the camera-trap station and at 10 m either side. Forest type was categorized subjectively and visually as either old-growth (intact forest with some disturbance), degraded (low forest cover, with few native plant species) or savannah (anthropogenic grassland). Trail type was


Oryx, 2020, 54(6), 828–836 © 2019 Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S003060531800100X


Andranomena Special Reserve


64


12 Apr. 2014–12 July 2014 20 May 2015–28 June 2015 37.73


35.45


35.91 ± 6.18 69


464.9 2,478


3.1


Various Various


5,113.9 2,489.8 1,604.9 97.2 48.1


1,023.3 42.6 3.0


95.4 958.8


1,088.5 26.4


3.6 3.9


11.2 0.0 2.8 1.3 0.7 6.6


32.2


1Forest type, forest classification (old-growth, degraded, savannah); Trail type, game trail, MadagascarNational Park trail, disused logging trail, trail actively used by local people; GFC20, mean % global forest cover (forest cover at 20% threshold level at 30 m resolution); VCF, mean vegetation continuous field


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