34 Plenary Special Lectures
IN-SITU X-RAY MICRO/NANOPROBE CHARACTERIZATION OF MATERIALS: HOW BILLION DOLLAR SYNCHROTRON SOURCES ARE PUSHING THE LIMITS OF STRUCTURE AND CHEMICAL RESOLUTION IN 3D
Gene E. Ice Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, PO Box 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6132
A grand challenge of materials science is how local interactions self organize atoms into mesoscale and nanoscale structures. This question is central to materials science because the properties of materials are often dominated by mesoscale structures and dynamics. For example, self-organization is essential to understand grain-growth and deformation microstructure and to understand the origins of plasticity, strength, fracture, transport and other materials properties. To understand how meso- structures arise, and how they influence materials behavior, it is essential to quantitatively map local elemental composition, crystal/local structure, and structural/chemical defect distributions. X-ray microdiffraction is particularly interesting as it provides reciprocal-space information on average crystal structure with tens of femtometer resolution correlated with submicron real-space resolution. Furthermore unlike almost any other probe, X-ray micro/nanoprobes can nondestructively characterize mesoscale ~0.1–10 mm! materials properties in three-dimensions ~3D! and can observe mesoscale evolution as a response to underlying driving forces ~e.g., stress, thermal processing, defect distributions!. Of course the possibility of studying materials with submicron X-ray beams was only a dream two decades ago. The emergence of ultra-brilliant 3rd and 4th generation X-ray synchrotrons, provides source brilliance 7–10 orders of magnitude beyond 2nd generation synchrotrons and 12–15 orders of magnitude beyond lab-based sources. As a result there are now unprecedented opportunities for nondestructive mapping of crystal structure and elemental distributions in three dimensions. Indeed, nondestructive, submicron-resolution maps of local crystallographic orientation, elastic strain, defect density and chemistry are almost routine and new developments have now demonstrated the potential for nm-scale spatial resolution. Already X-ray micro/nanoprobe methods are being applied to long-standing issues in materials physics. The ability to
observe the starting conditions of particular grain boundaries, and how defect densities evolve during grain boundary migration is particularly important. Measurements of samples before and after deformation also provide unique informa- tion about the role of surfaces and interfaces in deformation. Beyond current capabilities, the spatial resolution and elemental sensitivity limits for X-ray nanoprobe methods are rapidly improving with the promise of single atom sensitivity and atomic resolution in the near future. It appears that the ultimate limits are probably set by sample damage, which is already an important factor in some materials. The ability to look at small volumes embedded in a conductive matrix will probably be critical not only in achieving best.
Biography of Gene E. Ice
Gene E. Ice received a B.S. in physics in 1972 from HarveyMudd College and a Ph.D. in physics from the University of Oregon in 1977.He is considered an internationally recognized leader in the areas of materials science and advanced X-ray optics. Beginning at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in 1979, Dr. Ice is now group leader and distinguished staff scientist in the X-ray Research and Applications Group in the Metals and Ceramics Division. His early work with Cullie Sparks on anomalous diffuse X-ray scattering as a means of determining local atomic structure in alloys is recognized worldwide as the state-of-the-art for determining local atomic structure in alloys and continues to have a major impact on both experimental and theoretical studies of alloy local structure. Their collaboration on the development of dynamically bent crystal focusing optics also set the standard for high-performance X-ray synchrotron optics and continues to benefit synchrotron radiation facilities throughout theUnited States and the world. Dr. Ice has collaborated in a number of pioneering experiments including anomalous
Gene E. Ice
diffuse scattering in solid-solution alloys, precision measurements of phason strain in quasi- crystalline materials, nuclear resonance scattering, fluorescence tomography, resonant magnetic
scattering, surface diffraction/truncation rods, and X-ray microdiffraction.His recent efforts have concentrated on the use of X-ray microbeams for the study of crystalline structure in polycrystalline materials. He has served on international and national committees and advisory boards to review beamline optics for beamlines at
the National Synchrotron Light Source at Brookhaven National Laboratory, the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory, the Advanced Light Source at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory at Stanford University, SPring-8 at the Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, and the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility in France. His contributions have been recognized with an IR100 award, an R&D 100 award, a DOE sustained outstanding
achievement award, and an ORNL Scientific Team of the Year Award. He is a fellow in ASM International and the American Physical Society.
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